Potential employment effects of the restructuring of retail banking

The author explains that two steps being taken by banks to restructure their branch systems--the substitution of supermarket branches for traditional offices and the expansion of telephone banking through twenty-four-hour phone centers--may adversely affect employment in New York State as well as across the country.Banks and banking - Customer services ; Branch banks

The expanding geographic reach of retail banking markets

In the view of most policymakers and economists, competition in retail banking takes place in local markets the size of a single county or metropolitan area. This article presents evidence that the locus of banking competition has in recent years shifted to larger geographic arenas. The author's review of 1997 survey data reveals that many banks set uniform rates for both deposits and retail loans across an entire state or broad regions of a large state. Regression analysis of the relationship between retail deposit rates and measures of market concentration further supports this expansion in market size: the clear relationship that earlier studies detected between individual banks' deposit rates and measures of concentration at the local level is no longer evident, while a relationship does emerge at the state level.Bank competition ; Bank deposits ; Retail trade ; Local finance

Quiet engine program: Turbine noise suppression. Volume 2: Treatment selection, installation, and test results

For abstract, see N74-19400

Przyczyny zmian przywódców w partiach politycznych. Przypadek Polski

The paper deals with the issue of the reasons for the replacement of the leaders of political parties in Poland. It takes into consideration the two main factors that have been agreed by academic circles to be decisive for the duration of a leader’s staying in his/her post. Firstly, an analysis of the formal procedures regulating the dismissal of the leaders of political parties provided by the party statutes is conducted. Secondly, the paper presents the influence election results (the number of votes won and the fact of establishing a government coalition or failing to do so) have on the leaders’ ability to keep their post. The analysis encompasses the political parties that won a mandate in the 2011 parliamentary elections, that is Law and Justice (PiS), Civic Platform (PO), Polish People’s Party (PSL), Palikot’s Movement (RP) and the Democratic Left Alliance (LSD). The paper discusses the topic of the replacement of the leaders since the beginnings of these parties. The analysis reveals a strong influence of election results and statutory provisions on the duration of respective leaders’ terms. The fact of entering into a government coalition, or failing to do so, does not have a significant influence on the leaders’ maintaining their position.Artykuł podejmuje kwestię przyczyn zmian przywódców w polskich partiach politycznych. Pod uwagę wzięto dwa główne czynniki, które – zgodnie z przyjętymi w środowisku naukowym poglądom – w sposób decydujący warunkują czas trwania na stanowisku. Po pierwsze, przeprowadzono analizę formalnych procedur związanych z odwoływaniem liderów partii politycznych zawartych w statutach partyjnych. Po drugie, przedstawiono wpływ wyniku wyborczego (uzyskane głosy i fakt zawiązania bądź nie koalicji gabinetowej) na zdolność liderów do utrzymania się na stanowisku. Analiza objęła partie polityczne, które uzyskały mandaty w wyborach do Sejmu przeprowadzonych w 2011 r., a więc Prawo i Sprawiedliwość, Platformę Obywatelską, Polskie Stronnictwo Ludowe , Ruch Palikota oraz Sojusz Lewicy Demokratycznej. Artykuł podejmuje zmianę przywódców od momentu powstania wymienionych partii. Analiza ujawniła silny wpływ uzyskanego wyniku wyborczego i rozwiązań statutowych  na czas trwania liderów na stanowisku. Fakt zawiązania lub nie koalicji gabinetowej nie wpływa zasadniczo na utrzymanie przywództwa w partii

The Scramble to Promote Egg Donation through a More Protective Regulatory Regime

Egg “donation” is a burgeoning industry in the United States. Fertility clinics capitalize on financially needy college students by advertising substantial financial benefits; particularly gifted women may receive thousands of dollars for selling their eggs. Rosy advertisements portray a well-paying procedure that also helps bring a child to a loving parent. Yet these descriptions mask significant potential harms. With respect to known problems, hormone regimens may cause ovarian hyper-stimulation syndrome, which in the most severe cases can lead to infertility. In terms of unknown risks, anecdotal evidence suggests that the long-term side effects of egg extraction may include cancer. The fundamental issue with egg donation lies in a patchwork regulatory system. Federally, there are no regulations, and while some states limit compensation, others only require that clinics distribute certain information. Some propose that the United States follow other countries by banning or limiting compensation. Instead, the United States should enact a comprehensive regulatory regime to protect donors while respecting their bodily autonomy. First, states should adopt informed consent requirements for clinics and risk disclosure requirements for advertisements. Second, clinics performing extractions should be required to pay for health care in the event of negative effects. Finally, a federal reporting requirement should be created to document the long-term health effects of egg donation

The Scramble to Promote Egg Donation through a More Protective Regulatory Regime

Egg “donation” is a burgeoning industry in the United States. Fertility clinics capitalize on financially needy college students by advertising substantial financial benefits; particularly gifted women may receive thousands of dollars for selling their eggs. Rosy advertisements portray a well-paying procedure that also helps bring a child to a loving parent. Yet these descriptions mask significant potential harms. With respect to known problems, hormone regimens may cause ovarian hyper-stimulation syndrome, which in the most severe cases can lead to infertility. In terms of unknown risks, anecdotal evidence suggests that the long-term side effects of egg extraction may include cancer. The fundamental issue with egg donation lies in a patchwork regulatory system. Federally, there are no regulations, and while some states limit compensation, others only require that clinics distribute certain information. Some propose that the United States follow other countries by banning or limiting compensation. Instead, the United States should enact a comprehensive regulatory regime to protect donors while respecting their bodily autonomy. First, states should adopt informed consent requirements for clinics and risk disclosure requirements for advertisements. Second, clinics performing extractions should be required to pay for health care in the event of negative effects. Finally, a federal reporting requirement should be created to document the long-term health effects of egg donation

Party leadership in Poland in comparative perspective

The aim of this paper is to analyse leadership in Polish political parties in comparative perspective. In the further parts of this paper, the methods of leader selections, their competitiveness, as well as reasons for their stepping down are discussed. Similarly to the western political parties, the Polish ones have been changing their methods of leadership selection. So far each time it has consisted in a formal increase in the inclusiveness of the selection. The reasons for transferring the rights relating to the leadership selection to party members were brought closer to the premises typical for Westminster democracies rather than the consensual ones. The analysis of the Polish case shows that the internal elections have been characterized by different levels of competitiveness