The battle for South End: group areas removals in Port Elizabeth in the 1960s

Since the late 1850s a vibrant cosmopolitan community developed in South End, Port Elizabeth and a variety of communities and nationalities lived in harmony with one another, respecting one another's culture, religion and way of life. After more than a century, the government of the day decreed that people of different colours and cultures could not live together any longer. The Group Areas Act (No. 14) of 1950 set aside separate residential areas for each population group as provided for by the Population Registration Act of 1950. The Group Areas Act aimed at restricting each population group to defrned places as far as ownership, occupancy and trading were concerned. The ultimate goal of the Group Areas Act however, was to extend restrictions in order to establish residential racial purity by shifting groups from one place to another

Tissue-specific Regulation of Immune Responses to Dietary Proteins

__Abstract__ The term oral (or mucosal) tolerance has been defined as the suppression of T- and B-cell responses to an antigen by prior administration of the antigen by the oral route . From this definition, it can be inferred that mucosal tolerance is not just the ignorance of antigens that are applied via the mucosa or the absence of an immune response, but quite the contrary, mucosal tolerance refers to a dynamic process that depends on the active suppression of antigen-specific immune responses. Although such induction of immunological tolerance is not exclusive for antigens encountered via the mucosa and can be achieved outside the mucosal environment as well, it is well established that specific features of mucosal tissues favor the induction of tolerance. Here we discuss the mechanisms that are required for the induction of mucosal tolerance and the unique properties of the mucosal microenvironment that allow for intestinal homeostasis and the development of mucosal tolerance

Phytoextraction of phosphorus for ecological restoration: application of soil additives

The European Habitats Directive urges the European member states to take measures for maintaining and restoring natural habitats. In Flanders (Belgium) and the Netherlands, the surface area of nature reserves is intended to be enlarged with 38 000 ha and 150 000 ha, respectively, what is mainly to be realised on former agricultural land. In order to restore species rich nature habitats on former agricultural land, it is crucial to decrease the availability of nutrients and a limitation for plant growth by at least one nutrient should be ensured. The former fertilization of P in the agricultural context results in an immense P pool fixated to the soil and this is one of the main problems hindering the ecological restoration. We focus on an alternative restoration method, the phytoextraction of P, also P-mining. This is the deprivation of soil P with a crop with high P-use efficiency and non-P fertilization. This method allows the gradual transition from agricultural land use towards nature management. Up until now there have only been estimations of the P-mining duration time from the initial phase of the mining-process. In order to estimate the P-extraction over time the experiments take place on a soil-P-chronosequence. A controlled pot experiment was set up with soil from three former agricultural sites with different soil-P-levels, Lolium perenne was sown and chemical and biological compounds were added to enhance the bioavailability of P for plant-uptake. The additives used were two concentrations of humic acids, phosphorus solubilising bacteria and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Largest effects of the soil additions on the biomass production were measured in the lowest soil-P-level. Limitation by P in the Mid and Low P soils was very pronounced. The phytoextraction of P will slow down with soil P level decreasing in time. The effect of the soil additions is discussed

ORA EST : functional analysis of jasmonate-responsive AP2/ERF-domain transcription factors in Arabidopsis thaliana

Plants defend themselves against stress, including pathogen or herbivore attack, via biosynthesis of defense proteins and of protective compounds called secondary metabolites. Stress induces these responses via a complex signal transduction network with jasmonic acid (JA) and related compounds as major players. In some defense responses JA acts synergistically with the stress hormone ethylene. It is largely unknown how JA induces expression of defense genes. It is also not well understood how the synergistic interaction between JA and ethylene is brought about. Previous research has identified several genes encoding AP2/ERF-domain transcription factors, called ORAs, whose expression is rapidly induced by JA in Arabidopsis. In this thesis, the function of several ORAs is addressed and shows that certain ORAs, by regulating the expression of defense-related genes, play major roles in JA signaling and defense.UBL - phd migration 201

Die dekriminalisering van dagga in Suid-Afrika

Text in AfrikaansSummaries in Afrikaans and EnglishNa meer as veertig jaar het Suid-Afrika 'n nuwe politieke bedeling wat veranderde wetgewing in die vooruitsig stel. 'n Oorweging van 'n dekriminaliseringsbeleid vir die gebruik van dagga, beskou teen die agtergrond van 'n toename in emstige misdaad soos moord, gewapende roof, taxigeweld en verkragting, weerspieel die realiteite van vandag se oorweldigende misdaadprobleem in Suid-Afrika. Een van die belangrikste take van die kriminoloog is om misdaad te omskryf sodat 'n beleid voorgeskryf kan word wat die strafregsplegingstelsel van hulp kan wees om uiteindelik misdaad te verminder of, meer realisties, meer doeltreffend te beheer. Die omskrywing daarvan is egter nie so eenvoudig nie vanwee die kompleksiteit van die mensdom. Inhierdie studie is 'n meningsopname gebruik van sowel jeugdiges, die toekomstige beleidmakers en algemene daggagebruikers, as kenners op die gebied van dwelmrehabilitasie en -beheer, ten einde die wenslikheid van 'n dekriminaliseringsbeleid te beoordeel. Empiriese data van beide groepe (die wetsgehoorsame en die wetsverbrekende) is vir die voorwaardelike steun vir die wetlike beheer van daggagebruik versamel, met die verskil dat eerste- en eksperimentele daggagebruikers wat geen antler misdaadrekord het of by enige misdaadbedrywighede betrokke is, nie 'n misdaadrekord moet kry nie. Die respondente het dus die behoud van strafmaatreels ondersteun, maar met 'n de facto-dekriminalisasie deur middel van nie-toepassing van die wet. Die respondente is van mening dat 'n verslapping van die huidige dwelmwetgewing tot 'n toename in misdaad aanleiding sal gee. Die respondente betwyfel egter die doeltreffendheid van die kriminele regstelsel. Hulle is selfs van mening dat die SAPD nie in staat is om die probleem te bekamp solank die middel in aanvraag is nie. Die studie beklemtoon verder die kompleksiteit en dikwels teenstrydige opvattings ten opsigte van dekriminalisasie ten einde te illustreer hoe moeilik dit is om 'n staatsbeleid daarop te skoei.After more than forty years, South Africa has a new political dispensation with prospective new legislation. The consideration of a policy of decriminalization for the use of dagga, seen against the background of an increase in serious crimes such as murder, armed robbery, taxi violence and rape, reflects the realities of the current overwhelming crime problem in South Africa. One of the most important tasks of the criminologist is to describe crime in order to facilitate the system of administration of criminal justice in the diminishing of, or more realistically, better control of crime. The description thereof is, however, not simple due to the complexity of humanity. In this study an opinion survey of both youths as the future policy makers and most common users of dagga, and specialists in the field of drug rehabilitation and control was used, in order to determine the expedience of a policy of decriminalization. Empirical data was obtained from both groups (the law abiders and the law-breakers) for the conditional support of legislative control of dagga use, with the exception that first and experimental users with no criminal record or history of criminality should not be subjected to a criminal record. The respondents therefore supported the retention of punitive measures, but with a defacto-decriminalization by way of non­ enforcement of the law. The respondents were of the opinion that the relaxation of the present drug legislation would lead to an increase in crime. The respondents doubt the effectiveness of the criminal justice system, however, they are of the opinion that the SAPS would never be able to combat the problem as long as a demand for the drug continues to exist. The study further emphasizes the complexity and often diverse conceptions of decriminalization in order to illustrate how difficult it is to base a state policy on these conceptions.Criminology and Security ScienceM.A. (Kriminologie

Le Cannet-des-Maures – Les Blaïs

Identifiant de l'opération archéologique : 8262 Date de l'opération : 2007 (FP) Inventeur(s) : Martos Frédéric (COL) ; Congès Gaëtan (ASS) ; Pré Christian (COL) Menée par le service archéologique départemental (conseil général du Var) avec la participation du centre archéologique du Var, la campagne 2007 a permis de compléter l’exploration du quartier sud, dans son angle nord-est, et de mieux connaître les niveaux médiévaux recouvrant la voie antique à proximité du bâtiment transformé en berg..

Modelling and experimental validation of a fluidized bed reactor freeboard region: application to natural gas combustion

A theoretical and experimental study of natural gas-air mixture combustion in a fluidized bed of sand particles is presented. The operating temperatures are lower than a critical temperature of 800 °C above which the combustion occurs in the vicinity of the fluidized bed. Our study focusses on the freeboard zone where most of the methane combustion takes place at such temperatures. Experimental results show the essential role of the projection zone in determining the global thermal efficiency of the reactor. The dense bed temperature, the fluidizing velocity and the mean particle diameter significantly affect the thermal behaviours. A model for natural gas-air mixture combustion in fluidized beds is proposed, counting for interactions between dense and dilute regions of the reactor [Pré et al. (1998)] supplemented with the freeboard region modelling of Kunii-Levenspiel (1990). Thermal exchanges due to the convection between gas and particles, and due to the conduction and radiation phenomena between the gas-particle suspension and the reactor walls are counted. The kinetic scheme for the methane conversion is that proposed by Dryer and Glassman (1973). Model predictions are in good agreement with the measurements

Modelación del uso de suelo en una cuenca lechera para minimizar la exportación de nutrientes hacia aguas superficiales

Tribunal: Perdomo, Carlos; Ciganda, Verónica; Rodríguez-Bocca, PabloLa intensificación de la actividad agropecuaria ha favorecido el aumento de la concentración de nutrientes en ecosistemas acuáticos, lo que ha impactado negativamente sobre la calidad de agua en varias zonas del mundo. La cuenca del Rio Santa Lucía es uno de los sitios de Uruguay que no escapa a esta situación, y en los últimos años ha sido motivo de creciente preocupación dado que provee de agua potable al 60% de la población del país. La producción lechera es una de las actividades que más influye en la contaminación difusa de la cuenca, y a su vez tiene el desafío de aumentar la productividad para asegurar su viabilidad económica. En este contexto, es necesario buscar soluciones que contemplen los compromisos entre productividad y potencial contaminante. En base a la selección de una subcuenca lechera como estudio de caso, se logró desarrollar un modelo de optimización de resolución heurística que permitió integrar esos compromisos y brindar soluciones de planificación de usos del suelo a nivel de cuenca. El modelo mostró que existía potencial para reducir la exportación de fósforo de la cuenca y cumplir con mínimos de productividad anual establecidos para que la actividad lechera sea económicamente viable. Contar con coeficientes de exportación específicos para los usos del suelo del país, es necesario para mejorar la representatividad del modelo. Se realizó un experimento con simulación de lluvia de alta intensidad que generó datos de concentración de nutrientes en agua de escurrimiento para pasturas típicas de sistemas lecheros. Los datos generados aportaron a la estimación de las pérdidas de fósforo de algunos usos del suelo para mejor la información de entrada del modelo. Las soluciones del modelo, espacialmente explícitas, podrían ayudar a los actores sociales involucrados en el diseño de estrategias de manejo que incorporen objetivos de productividad y conservación de la calidad de agua a nivel de cuenca