Co-localisation of cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript peptide and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide in the myenteric plexus of the porcine transverse colon

Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript peptide (CART) is a substance,which can play the role of neuromediator and/or neuromodulator in nerve structures within the gastrointestinal tract. However knowledge concerning its functions and co-localisation with other neuronal factors is rather scarce. During the present investigation the co-localisation of CART and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) in the neurons of meyenteric plexus within the porcine transverse colon was studied using double immunofluorescence technique and semiquantitative arbitrary scale of the frequency of presence CART+/VIP+, CART+/VIP– and CART–/VIP+ neuronal cells. The most often (+++) CART–/VIP+ neurons were encountered, neurons simultaneously immunoreactive to CART and VIP were observed somewhat rarer (++) and only single (+) CART+/VIP– perikarya were visible. The present study reports for the first time on the co-localisation of CART and VIP in myenteric neurons of the porcine transverse colon

CONSUMER BEHAVIOR PREDICTION ANALYSIS BASED ON RATIONALISM AND UNDERSTANDING ABOUT CONSEQUENCES TOWARDS PIRATED DIGITAL PRODUCTS

This research is conducted to examine consumer perception related with rationalization and understanding of risk consequences and their advantages by predicting desires related with digital product piracy. The motivation to conduct digital piracy is reinforced with understanding the advantages obtained and consumer behavior towards digital product piracy. Various rationalization techniques also support reinforcing their motivation to engage in piracy. Interestingly, that motivation can be hindered with perceptions about the consequences or social norm regulations and moral responsibilities. Analytical results reveal that consumer intention to use pirated digital products can continuously increase, because it is influenced by the understanding of the advantages obtained, the rational techniques used, their attitudes toward piracy, and perceptions in controlling behavior. On another side, moral responsibilities and social norms also play a role in reducing the intensity of using pirated digital products

Charakterystyka napięciowo-zależnych zmian zaangażowanych w generowanie aktywności erupcyjnej neuronów listka ciała kolankowatego bocznego : badania in vitro patch clamp

INTRODUCTION The intergeniculate leaflet of the thalamus (IGL) is one of the two major neu-ronal structures of the mammalian biological clock. IGL neurons in rats, investi-gated in vivo, show a characteristic isoperiodic infra-slow oscillatory pattern (ISO) of activity. The mean period of this activity is about 120 s. The function of oscillatory activity, commonly observed in other biological clock structures, could be connected with the secretion of neuropeptides. Molecular study of the bases of bursting activity evoked in vitro, can help to better understand the mechanism of these oscillations. It was shown that the key element in this phe-nomenon is the expression of HCN family nonselective cationic channels and voltage-dependent T-type calcium channels. The generated h-current (the base of voltage sag) and t-current (causing low threshold spikes; LTS) are the topic of many studies revealing the mechanism of rhythmic neuronal activity. MATERIALS AND METHODS Based on our results of a patch clamp study, we have proposed the division of IGL cells into groups (using cluster analysis) based on different amplitudes of voltage components evoked by the h-current and t-current. The location of the investigated neurons chosen for further analysis was confirmed by immunohisto-chemical staining and confocal microscopy. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS The IGL neurons were classified into four groups showing different amplitudes of voltage sag and LTS. This classification obtained during experiments conducted at in vitro conditions, may provide information about the oscillatory na-ture of the neuron observed in the in vivo study.WSTĘP Listek ciała kolankowatego bocznego wzgórza (intergeniculate leaflet – IGL) jest jedną z dwóch głównych neuronalnych struktur zegara biologicznego ssaków. U szczura, w badaniach in vivo, neurony IGL wykazują charakterystyczny izoperiodyczny wzór infrawolnych oscylacji (infra-slow oscillation – ISO) generowania potencjałów czynnościowych, o okresie około 120 s. Przypuszcza się, że taka aktywność neuronalna, będąca cechą wspólną struktur zegara biologicznego, może ułatwiać sekrecję neuropeptydów. Badania molekularnych podstaw aktywności erupcyjnej, która może być wywołana w warunkach in vitro, przybliżają nas do poznania mechanizmu powstawania tych oscylacji. Wykazano, że kluczowym elementem, w generowaniu tego rodzaju oscylacji, jest obecność nieselektywnych kanałów kationowych z rodziny HCN oraz napięciowozależnych kanałów wapniowych typu-T. Przepływający przez nie prąd-h (powodujący sag napięciowy) oraz prąd-t (manifestujący się występowaniem niskoprogowych potencjałów wapniowych (low threshold spike – LTS) to obiekty wielu badań, dotyczących rytmicznej aktywności komórek nerwowych. MATERIAŁY I METODY Opierajac się na wynikach własnych badań, metodą elektrofizjologicznej rejestracji aktywności pojedynczych neuronów – patch clamp – autorzy zaproponowali podział neuronów IGL (na podstawie analizy klastrów), w zależności od amplitudy zmian napięcia, wywołanych prądem-h i prądem-t. Lokalizacja analizowanych neuronów została potwierdzona dzięki barwieniom immunohistochemicznym i mikroskopii konfokalnej. WYNIKI I WNIOSKI Otrzymano cztery grupy neuronów IGL, różniących się amplitudą sagu napięciowego oraz LTS. Przeprowadzony podczas badań in vitro podział może dostarczyć informacji na temat zdolności komórek do generowania aktywności oscylacyjnej w warunkach in vivo

Depolarization of the intergeniculate leaflet neurons by serotonin : in vitro study

The intergeniculate leaflet of the thalamus (IGL) is a part of the mammalian biological clock which integrates photic and non-photic information and conveys it to the master biological clock - suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN). One of the non-photic cues is delivered by the serotoninergic projection from dorsal raphe nucleus. In vitro electrophysiological recordings were performed from single IGL neurons using whole-cell patch clamp technique. We investigated the influence of serotonin (serotonin creatinine sulfate complex, 5HT) on 'spontaneous' neuronal activity in this structure. In most of recorded cells, 5-HT caused significant increases in firing rate. In majority of cases the effect was resynaptic. However, in some cases we observed postsynaptic depolarization. To our knowledge, depolarizing influence of 5HT on the single neurons in the IGL has been shown here for the first time

Audyt wewnętrzny a ład akademicki - diagnoza uwarunkowań i zależności

W artykule przedstawiono rozważania dotyczące ładu organizacyjnego w szkolnictwie wyższym. Zaprezentowano podstawy i założenia funkcjonowania audytu wewnętrznego w polskich jednostkach sektora finansów publicznych. Omówiono również funkcję audytu wewnętrznego na przykładzie publicznej szkoły wyższej w Polsce i rolę audytu wewnętrznego w nadzorze ładu akademickiego

Uwarunkowania braku partnera życiowego w percepcji młodych dorosłych żyjących w pojedynkę

The conditions of the lack of a lifetime partner in young adult singles’ perception The research field of this paper are the conditions of the lack of a lifetime partner in young adulthood. This research so called narrative-biographical interviews designed by Schütze was conducted with 36 participants not having partners (22 women and 14 men) in the age of 21–30 years. The foundation of the analysis was (1) Schütze’s narrative analysis and (2) hermeneutic analysis of autonarration used in the Bartosz’s research over motherhood. In the result of analysis participants’ responses were grouped into six categories of reasons for being single. Referring to respondents’ language they were called as follows: (1) “I haven’t met the right person yet”, (2) “I need time to recover from the break up”, (3) “My shyness stands in the way”, (4) “He/she doesn’t want me”, (5) “I’m a loner”, (6) “I work a lot”. The research results let us formulate the following general conclusions: (1) young adults indicate various reasons for being singled and which are of external and internal character and (2) in most cases young adults admit that it is hard to identify only one reason for singlehood which is often the consequence of many tangled circumstances

Heteroseksualne związki intymne jako zadanie rozwojowe w okresie wczesnej dorosłości

Heterosexual intimate relationships as a developmental task in young adulthoodHuman development in the life cycle can be described in terms of some developmental achievements. In line with this pragmatic perspective, we can refer to concept of developmental tasks proposed by Havighurst. According to his theory people progress through a series of developmental stages, which pose particular tasks and challenges. One of the main developmental tasks of young adults is to enter and maintain a heterosexual intimate relationship which is a prerequisite of marital and family life. This article focuses on heterosexual relationships as a crucial and vital developmental task in young adulthood, presents their characteristics and dynamics of development, and in line with this notion, shows them as a possible criterion of individual development. This point of view can help us in assessing the degree to which individuals fulfill developmental tasks or deviate from the ideal course of life, and then in identifying the factors associated with these deviations. Therefore we can engage in psychocorrective activities in the area of close relationships and promote a successful fulfillment of developmental tasks by young adults