APPLICATION OF FUZZY LOGIC TOOLBOX FOR MODELLING FUZZY LOGIC CONTROLLERS

Computer technology, which has been developing very fast in the recent years, can be also fruitfully applied in teaching. For example, the software package Matlab is highly useful in teaching students at Bachelor Programs of Electrical Engineering and Automatics and Robotics. Fuzzy Logic Toolbox of the Matlab package can be used for designing and modelling controllers. Thanks to a large number of pre-defined elements available in the libraries, it is possible to create even highly complicated models of systems without much effort. Fuzzy Logic Toolbox is especially useful for exploring the basic rules of designing fuzzy logic controllers. The rules involve selecting input and output membership functions, determining their location with respect to one another and defining their ranges. When the membership functions are introduced, a rule base is defined and a defuzzification method is selected. For any defuzzification method, a control surface is obtained, which can be modified by changing the rule base and/or the input and output parameters of the membership function

Necessity and the physicalist account in Aristotle’s physics : difficulties with the rainfall example

The aim of the present article is to consider the shortcomings of the physicalist rainfall example set forth by Aristotle in Physics II.8. I first outline the ancient physicalist account of the coming-to-be of natural organisms and the accompanying rejection of the teleological character of such processes. Then I examine the rainfall example itself. The fundamental difficulty is that rainfall does not appear to have a proper nature. Hence it is not natural in the strict sense and cannot be used in arguments either for or against natural teleology. Rainfall can at most have an end in a weak sense, which makes it inadequate as a paradigm. Furthermore, the physicalist conception of action for an end is itself flawed. I argue that they construe it anthropomorphically and falsely presuppose a symmetry between coming-to-be and ceasing-to-be

Ustanie mandatu członka zarządu a odpowiedzialność podatkowa osób trzecich. Glosa do wyroku NSA z dnia 25 marca 2013 r., i FSK 521/12

The essay refers to the tax liability of members of board for company’s tax arrears. Under the Polish law that kind of liability arises from decision issued in tax proceedings in which tax authorities are obliged to verify the party’s status. The regulation of the burden of proof is based on two principles: tax authority needs the evidence of party’s membership in a board, while a party needs to prove that a petition to declare bankruptcy was filed or proceedings were instituted in order to avoid declaration of bankruptcy in due time, or party is not liable for the failure to file a petition to declare bankruptcy or to institute proceedings in order to avoid declaration of bankruptcy. If the party’s membership in board is disputable, the tax authority may be obliged to request a general court to determine whether or not that kind of legal relationship exists

Knowledge and opinion in Aristotle

In the article I examine Aristotle’s distinction between knowledge and opinion. I first consider Aristotle’s notion of rational intuition in the light of the commentaries of Ross and Apostle. Next, I turn to the distinction between opinion and knowledge in Aristotle’s texts and in the commentaries of Aquinas and Barnes. I conclude that the distinction is complex, including a number of factors, some objective, others subjective. Aristotle believes that the object of knowledge must be objectively true and necessary; it must subjectively be seen as necessary; the true cause has to be known; and the necessity of the causal connection must be perceived. The most important criterion for knowledge is objective necessity. If any of the aforementioned criteria is not satisfied, there can according to him be at most true opinion

Reguły sukcesji podatkowoprawnej

Niniejszy artykuł zawiera analize charakteru prawnego interpretacji indywidualnych dokonana na potrzeby wyznaczenia przedmiotowego zakresu nastepstwa prawnego. Rysujaca sie linia orzecznictwa sadów administracyjnych opiera sie na zało eniu, e z punktu widzenia pozycji prawnej sukcesora istotne znaczenie ma jedynie to, czy jego poprzednik zastosował sie ju do wydanej interpretacji. W opracowaniu poddano wiec badaniu rodzaje uprawnien, jakie moga powstawac po stronie zainteresowanych podmiotów w zwiazku z uzyskana interpretacja, a tak e jej wpływ na obowiazki poprzednika prawnego (i w konsekwencji – nastepcy). Przeprowadzono linie podziału miedzy pojeciami uprawnienia i zwolnienia z obowiazku, poniewa ich uto samienie utrudnia pełne rozpoznanie mechanizmu sukcesji. Z problematyka ta wia e sie równie koniecznosc okreslenia momentu, od którego mo na mówic o istnieniu oczekiwania prawnego (ekspektatywy) ochrony wynikajacej z interpretacji indywidualnej

Evidence for Respiratory Neuromodulator Interdependence after Cholinergic Disruption in the Ventral Respiratory Column

Reverse dialysis of the muscarinic receptor antagonist, atropine (ATR, 50 mM), into the pre-Bötzinger Complex region of the ventral respiratory column (VRC) of awake and sleeping goats increases breathing frequency and serotonin (5-HT), substance P (SP), glycine, and GABA concentrations in the effluent dialysate. Herein, we report data from goats in which we reverse dialyzed 5 mM ATR or specific antagonists of M2 or M3 muscarinic receptors into the VRC. The effects on frequency of all three antagonists were not significantly different from time control studies. 5 mM ATR and the M3 antagonist increased SP sevenfold less than 50 mM ATR. The antagonists had no effect on 5-HT, glycine, and/or GABA, suggesting that the increases in glycine and GABA with 50 mM ATR were secondary to the larger increases in 5-HT and/or SP. These data are suggestive of neuromodulator interdependence, whereby attenuation of one neuromodulator is compensated for by local changes in other neuromodulators to stabilize breathing

Influence of ultrasound therapy on volume of the synovial fluid in knee joint arthrosis (gonarthrosis)-initial reports.

SUMMARY Aim of the paper: Aim of the study was impact assessment of the ultrasonic wave on production of synovial fluid in suprapatellar pouch, pain symptoms, and knee movement range. Material and methods: The study group consisted of 23 patients that were diagnoses with excess of synovial fluid in suprapatellar pouch. The measurement of the fluid volume was made using ultrasound examination. Volume of the fluid < 4 mm is considered as positive result of the study. The data was collected with usage of a self-made study protocol. In assessment of pain symptom, the VAS scale was used. Results: Statistically significant reduction of the synovial fluid volume in suprapatellar pouch (

Degeneration grade of a femoropatellar joint and functional status of a knee joint

Aim of the paper: The aim of the study was to assess the impact of degeneration of femoropatellar joint cartilage on selected variables related with a knee joint function Material and methods: The studied group consisted of 50 patients that were diagnosed, through ultrasonography, changes in femoropatellar joint cartilage according to the Outerbridge classification. The data was collected with usage of a self-designed questionnaire. The study included pain assessment according to the VAS scale, Zohlen’s test, rectus femoris muscle test. Results: There is statistically significant correlation between the grade of degenerative changes and age (

Combined Unilateral Blockade of Cholinergic, Peptidergic, And Serotonergic Receptors in The Ventral Respiratory Column Does Not Affect Breathing in Awake Or Sleeping Goats

Previous work in intact awake and sleeping goats has found that unilateral blockade of excitatory inputs in the ventral respiratory column (VRC) elicits changes in the concentrations of multiple neurochemicals, including serotonin (5-HT), substance P, glycine, and GABA, while increasing or having no effect on breathing. These findings are consistent with the concept of interdependence between neuromodulators, whereby attenuation of one modulator elicits compensatory changes in other modulators to maintain breathing. Because there is a large degree of redundancy and multiplicity of excitatory inputs to the VRC, we herein tested the hypothesis that combined unilateral blockade of muscarinic acetylcholine (mACh), neurokinin-1 (NK1, the receptor for substance P), and 5-HT2A receptors would elicit changes in multiple neurochemicals, but would not change breathing. We unilaterally reverse-dialyzed a cocktail of antagonists targeting these receptors into the VRC of intact adult goats. Breathing was continuously monitored while effluent fluid from dialysis was collected for quantification of neurochemicals. We found that neither double blockade of mACh and NK1 receptors, nor triple blockade of mACh, NK1, and 5-HT2A receptors significantly affected breathing (P ≥ 0.05) in goats that were awake or in non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep. However, both double and triple blockade increased the effluent concentration of substance P (P \u3c 0.001) and decreased GABA concentrations. These findings support our hypothesis and, together with past data, suggest that both in wakefulness and NREM sleep, multiple neuromodulator systems collaborate to stabilize breathing when a deficit in one or multiple excitatory neuromodulators exists