L’intégration économique dans les Amériques : un outil efficace de blocage de l’immigration illégale pour les États-Unis ?

Le blocage de l’immigration illégale en provenance des Caraïbes et de l’Amérique centrale vers les États-Unis est un objectif de long terme. Il s’inscrit cependant désormais dans la nouvelle doctrine de sécurité de la Maison-Blanche, qui lie étroitement le politique à l’expansion du libre-échange et qui exige de la part des pays de départ ou des pays de transit une coopération en la matière sans précédent. Si les nouvelles « règles du jeu » assurent aux États-Unis une influence certaine en matière de contrôle des migrations sur le continent américain, les résultats concrets au regard des objectifs visés sont loin d’être satisfaisants. En effet, la maîtrise des flux migratoires par « le tout contrôle » est illusoire puisque l’immigration illégale persiste. Il est donc nécessaire de reconnaître qu’il n’existe pas de solutions simples pour résoudre un problème aussi complexe que la migration. En outre, une véritable politique migratoire, pour être entendue, doit faire place à une analyse des situations réelles, être menée conjointement par les parties en cause en s’appuyant sur les intérêts de chacune d’elles et placer l’intérêt de l’humain au centre des enjeux, car c’est bien lui qui est, le premier, concerné par toutes ces mesures.The containment of illegal migration from the Caribbean and Central America to the United States has long been part of the United States policy. More recently, however, it has become an integral part of the new White House National Security Strategy that promotes the links between free trade and security, and that imposes an unprecedented degree of collaboration with departure and transit countries as regards such policies. Although the new security rules reinforce the US hegemonic position on the American continent, they do not attain the goals initially planned : dissuasive migration policies are unable to regulate illegal migration. It is important to recognise that there are no simple solutions to the complex problem of migration. What is more, a complete politics of migration, to be effective, implies a good analysis of real situations, a constant cooperation with the countries that are the cause of departure, and, lastly, requires placing the human being’s interest and dignity at the heart of all migratory measures

Le contrôle des migrations et l’intégration économique : entre ouverture et fermeture

[À l'origine dans / Was originally part of : Fac. Droit - Coll. facultaire - Généralités

Controlling Irregular Migration in Canada: Reconciling Security Concerns with Human Rights Protection

[À l'origine dans / Was originally part of : Fac. Droit - Coll. facultaire - Droit constitutionnel et Libertés publiques]International human rights law, international humanitarian law, international refugee law and international criminal law: each chapter of this corpus stands as a fundamental defense against assaults on our common humanity… The very power of these rules lies in the fact that they protect even the most vulnerable, and bind even the most powerful. No one stands so high as to be above the reach of their authority. No one falls so low as to be below the guard of their protection. Sergio Vieira de Mello, United Nations General Assembly, November 2002

Minimum weight shield synthesis for space vehicles

Minimum weight proton shield synthesis for space vehicle

Remedies for Non-Citizens under Provincial Nominee Programs: Judicial Review and Fiduciary Relationships

In Canada, more and more people get permanent residency under Provincial and Territorial Nominee Programs (PTNPs). Despite this new reality, there is today no detailed examination of the consequences of PTNPs for immigrants\u27 rights and protections. In this paper, we seek to fill this gap. As we show, PTNPs have no statutory basis and officials who administer these programs do not exercise statutory authority of any kind. An alternative would be that these programs become law ; then the decisions made under them would bejudicially reviewable for conformity with that law. However, it is unlikely to happen because flexibility is seen as the key characteristic of PTNPs. We contend that the concept of a fiduciary relationship and fiduciary obligation has evolved greatly in the last decades in Canadian law, and we suggest, as an alternative to judicial review, extending a fiduciary duty to public decision makers. As in any new subject area of research, we hope that our findings will form the basis for further study on this understudied, and yet very important topic

Employment Standards for Mobile Workers: Report

This report aims to explore and compare Employment-Related Geographical Mobility (“ERGM”) issues with regards to minimum employment standards (“ES”) of several Canadian provinces. ERGM entails “extended travel and related absences from places of permanent residence for the purpose of, and as part of, employment”.1 The scope of such travels is variable: they extend from a daily total of 3 hours to more extended absences. ERGM differs from cases of immigration involving permanent relocation. This report seeks to contribute to the policy component of the “On the move” research project

Évolution dans un réseau de distribution des micro-organismes et d'un nutriement, le CODB. Incidence du temps de transit

La stabilité biologique de l'eau potable dans un réseau est à l'heure actuelle un souci majeur pour tout responsable du traitement et de la distribution de l'eau. Les nouvelles filières de traitement introduisant l'ozonation ont induit la formation de molécules biodégradables. La filtration sur Charbon Actif en Grains (CAG) après l'étape d'ozonation a permis d'améliorer la qualité de l'eau. Toutefois, est apparue plus clairement la notion de risque de prolifération bactérienne sur réseau. Le Carbone Organique Dissous Biodégradable (CODB) représentant ces composés devient alors un paramètre indispensable à contrôler.L'objectif de notre étude est de caractériser sur un réseau réel les facteurs influençant la stabilité biologique de l'eau dans les réseaux; notamment ceux limitant (le désinfectant bactériostatique) ou favorisant (le CODB) le développement bactérien.Le réseau étudié, situé dans l'ouest de la France en Bretagne, totalise 50 km de conduites. Il est alimenté par une station traitant une eau de retenue selon une filière classique comportant une ozonation suivie d'une filtration sur CAG. Le temps de transit maximal de l'eau est proche de 8 jours. Nos résultats complètent et confirment ceux de CAPELLIER et al. (1992) instigateurs de notre étude, indiquant que ce réseau est le siège d'une vie biologique active.La cinétique de trois critères de qualité: le désinfectant, le CODB et la flore bactérienne, a été étudiée en fonction du temps de transit, ce qui a permis de tirer les conclusions suivantes:- la consommation du désinfectant est totale après 100 h de transit; - particulièrement pendant les saisons les plus chaudes, le CODB est consommé après un pic observé en début de réseau; - la flore bactérienne en suspension, revivifiable sur gélose et totale, croît pendant 100 à 150 h de transit, après quoi elle tend à se stabiliser, voire décroître. Une relation entre le CODB et la flore bactérienne en suspension n'a pu être établie sur ce réseau pour les périodes étudiées. Par contre, les bactéries libres et le désinfectant résiduel semblent bien liés. Les influences de la saison et du temps de transit ont pu être démontrées. Néanmoins, d'autres paramètres de l'eau ou des facteurs comme la structure du réseau et l'hydraulique du système ont probablement une influence non négligeable sur l'évolution de la qualité de l'eau et donc sur nos résultats.The biological stability of drinking water in a network is of major concern for every water supplier. New treatment processes induding ozonation have increased the formation of biodegradable molecules. Filtration on Granular Activated Carbon (GAC) after an ozonation step improves water quality. However, the concept of bacterial regrowth risk in water distribution networks is now being considered. The Biodegradable Dissolved Organic Carbon (BDOC) representative of these compounds becomes an essential parameter to monitor. The purpose of this study was to investigate, in an existing distribution system, the factors influencing this stability, such as disinfection which limits bacterial regrowth and presence of nutrients such as BDOC which promotes it.The network studied, located in the west of France in Brittany, comprises 50 km of pipes and is supplied by a surface water originating from a conventional treatment plant including inter- ozonation followed by GAC filtration. As the source is a reservoir water, quality variations are seasonal. The characteristics of this kind of water are a low level of minerals (low alkalinity and hardness) and a high level of organics (high Total and Dissolved Organic Carbon; TOC, DOC). Treated and distributed waters have been studied and analysed during each season of the year, between 1993 and 1994. Sampling and measurements in the network have been carried out around distribution reservoirs. Several water quality parameters, including physico-chemical parameters (temperature, pH, turbidity, free chloride dioxide, organic matter as TOC, DOC and BDOC), and bacteriological parameters (viable and total suspended bacteria), have been measured. The residence time of water, known to have an influence on the evolution of water quality, has been estimated for each sampling point.Our results confirm and complete those of CAPELLIER et al. (1992) who instigated our study. They indicate that an active biomass occurs in this network. The dynamics of three water quality parameters: residual disinfectant, BDOC and suspended bacterial density, were studied as a function of water residence time, for which the maximum value is around 8 days, in this distribution system.This analysis yielded the following conclusions:- consumption of disinfectant is complete aller 100 transit hours; - particularly during warmer seasons, BDOC is consumed aller an initial peak observed at the beginning of the network; - suspended bacterial density, as well as viable and totalbacterial numbers increase for 100 to 150 transit hours, and then tend to become stable and even to decrease. No relationship between BDOC and suspended micro-organisms was observed in this network for the periods studied, whereas free disinfectant concentrations and free germs appeared to be linked.However, the influence of the season and of the residence lime on the evolution of these parameters has been demonstrated. In spring and summer, organic marrer appears to be more biodegradable, because of the presence of BDOC in treated water, probably due to the limited retention of GAC subjected to higher levels of this parameter. This latter is distributed in the network, as DOC, and after a release in the first transit hours, is consumed. This peak of organic carbon is probably due to a release of biofilm because of the temperature increase and hydraulic variations. In the treated water, the density of the suspended viable bacteria is higher in spring than in winter, probably due to a higher contamination level in raw water in warmer seasons. However, the growth rate is higher in winter than in spring, thus the relation between residual disinfectant and viable bacteria permitted to show that bacterial inhibition was better in winter than in spring. No influence of the season was observed for the evolution of total bacteria.Influences are numerous, sometimes in opposition and difficult to evaluate. This study show that BDOC was not a factor controlling the biological stability of water in our distribution network during the periods studied. The low level of this nutrient in the treated water is probably the reason, because even without it, our results showed bacterial growths within the network. Other factors such as seasonal variations, network structure and hydraulic conditions have certainly an influence on the evolution of water quality, and therefore on our results.Other water parameters such as phosphorus or nitrogen could have an influence on the bacterial growth. The impact and evolution of biofilms is difficult to understand and monitor. Further investigations on all these points should be undertaken. They could permit to define physico-chemical, hydraulic and biological limits to be respected in order to maintain a biologically stable system

Employment Standards for Mobile Workers: Executive Summary

This report aims to explore and compare employment-related geographical mobility (ERGM) issues with regards to minimum employment standards (ES) of several Canadian provinces. ERGM entails “extended travel and related absences from places of permanent residence for the purpose of, and as part of, employment.” The scope of such travels is variable, extending from a daily total of 3 hours to more extended absences. Minimum ES govern the basic terms and conditions of employment (wages, vacation, statutory holidays, hours of work and overtime, leaves of absence, etc.) that neither the employee nor the employer can validly contract out of. Since labour falls under provincial jurisdiction, the ES legal framework varies in each Canadian province and territory