Subsumed Childhood: The Indentures of New York’s Children 1690-1710

The conception of children as historical subjects has been a long time coming in the field of history, starting with authors like Philip Greven arguing that children must be considered as more than just extensions of family units. Despite acknowledgement of the importance of children in colonial history, there has been little work done on the ways that attempts to maneuver children through economic and social life reflected parental attitudes about childhood. Little work has been done to address the frequent dearth of research into how children's identities were purposefully constructed by indenture in the colonial period. My paper addresses these issues by taking a close look at the historical archive of New York's indenture records at the turn of the 18th century. In particular, this paper looks for narrative threads as well as changing attitudes towards indenture across time. I argue that adults, both parents and indenturers, used indenture as a means to shape and control the next generation of New York by strengthening class dynamics and ensuring citizen status for children engaged in indenture contracts. This project sheds light on the use of indenture to construct childhood and accomplish a wide range of social normalizations from reinforcing contemporary gender rolls to creating a pseudo-parenthood through the master-servant relationship

Systematic Conservation Planning

[Extract] Systematic Conservation Planning provides a clear, comprehensive guide to the process of deriving conservation area networks that will represent biodiversity in cost-effective ways. The measurement of biodiversity, the design of field collections to sample biodiversity and data treatment methods together provide baseline information on the distribution patterns of biodiversity. The book then describes methods for identifying biodiversity priority areas underpinned by the concept of complementarity. It goes on to describe how biodiversity targets can be set and how multi-criteria analyses can incorporate costs and other constraints into the area selection process, enabling trade-offs between production and protection to be made. The book finishes with a series of case studies and a conclusion that emphasizes the socio-economic and cultural contexts in which conservation planning takes place

Systematic Conservation Planning

[Extract] Systematic Conservation Planning provides a clear, comprehensive guide to the process of deriving conservation area networks that will represent biodiversity in cost-effective ways. The measurement of biodiversity, the design of field collections to sample biodiversity and data treatment methods together provide baseline information on the distribution patterns of biodiversity. The book then describes methods for identifying biodiversity priority areas underpinned by the concept of complementarity. It goes on to describe how biodiversity targets can be set and how multi-criteria analyses can incorporate costs and other constraints into the area selection process, enabling trade-offs between production and protection to be made. The book finishes with a series of case studies and a conclusion that emphasizes the socio-economic and cultural contexts in which conservation planning takes place

High-resolution THz gain measurements in optically pumped ammonia

This study is aimed at the evaluation of THz gain properties in an optically pumped NH3 gas. NH3 molecules undergo rotational-vibrational excitation by mid-infrared (MIR) optical pumping provided by a MIR quantum cascade laser (QCL) which enables precise tuning to the NH3 infrared transition around 10.3 mu m. Pure inversion transitions, (J = 3, K = 3) at 1.073 THz and (J = 4, K = 4) at 1.083 THz were selected. The THz measurements were performed using a THz frequency multiplier chain. The results show line profiles with and without optical pumping at different NH3 pressures, and with different MIR tuning. The highest gain at room temperature under the best conditions obtained during single pass on the (3,3) line was 10.1 dBxm(-1) at 26 mu bar with a pumping power of 40 mW. The (4,4) line showed lower gain of 6.4 dBxm(-1) at 34 mu bar with a pumping power of 62 mW. To our knowledge these THz gains are the highest measured in a continuous-wave MIR pumped gas.Web of Science2616212482124

Risk factors for wound complications after ankle fracture surgery.

BACKGROUND: The overall rate of complications after ankle fracture fixation varies between 5% and 40% depending on the population investigated, and wound complications have been reported to occur in 1.4% to 18.8% of patients. Large studies have focused on complications in terms of readmission, but few studies have examined risk factors for wound-related issues in the outpatient setting in a large number of patients. A review was performed to identify risk factors for wound complications tracked in the hospital and outpatient setting. METHODS: Four hundred and seventy-eight patients underwent open reduction and internal fixation of an ankle fracture between 2003 and 2010 by a single surgeon at a single institution. Demographic characteristics, time to surgery, comorbidities, and postoperative care were tracked. Wound complications were defined as those requiring dressing care and oral antibiotics or requiring further surgical treatment. RESULTS: Of the 478 patients who were followed, six (1.25%) had wounds requiring surgical debridement. Fourteen patients (2.9%) required further dressing care or a course of oral antibiotics. There were significant associations between wound complications and a history of diabetes (p \u3c 0.001), peripheral neuropathy (p = 0.003), wound-compromising medications (p = 0.011), open fractures (p = 0.05), and postoperative noncompliance (p = 0.027). There was a significant difference in age between patients with and without wound complications (p = 0.045). We did not identify a relationship between time to surgery and complications. CONCLUSIONS: These results highlight the difficulty of treating medically complex and noncompliant patient populations. With careful preoperative monitoring of swelling, time to surgery does not affect wound outcome. The failure of the patient to adhere to postoperative instructions should be a concern to the treating surgeon

Indigenous Dayak Iban customary perspective on sustainable forest management, West Kalimantan, Indonesia

Indigenous Dayak Iban customary perspective on sustainable forest management, West Kalimantan, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 23: 424-435. Borneo is the third-largest island in the world, is rich in biodiversity and has diverse unique ecosystems. However, deforestation and land tenure conflicts continue to threaten the indigenous people who rely on forest resources for their livelihoods and well-being. This study aimed to identify the ecosystem services and the value of customary forest resources, identify local wildlife species, and document the traditional knowledge that the Iban indigenous community of West Kalimantan use to manage their customary forest. We collected relevant data using Toolkit for Ecosystem Service Site-based Assessment (TESSA), in-depth interviews, and wildlife surveys. The customary forest provides significant ecosystem services, mainly carbon sequestration (exceeds US$52 million/year), water-related services (exceeds US$ 21 million/year), and the 52 wildlife species recorded in the customary forest. Forest resources are managed successfully by the community through traditional knowledge and customary laws passed down for generations. The integration of local and expert knowledge and involvement from all related stakeholders would boost sustainable forest management and enhance the economic benefits and livelihoods of the community. Following current trends, recognizing customary forest and appropriate sustainable forest management could effectively tackle deforestation and land tenure conflicts in Borneo. Further studies should be considered to develop specific activities on managing the forest sustainably that the community can implement and evaluate

Optimality In Reserve Selection Algorithms: When Does It Matter And How Much?

This paper responds to recent criticisms in Biological Conservation of heuristic reserve selection algorithms. These criticisms primarily concern the fact that heuristic algorithms cannot guarantee an optimal solution to the problem of representing a group of targeted natural features in a subset of the sites in a region. We discuss optimality in the context of a range of needs for conservation planning. We point out that classical integer linear programming methods that guarantee an optimal solution, like branch and bound algorithms, are currently intractable for many realistic problems. We also show that heuristics have practical advantages over classical methods and that suboptimality is not necessarily a disadvantage for many real-world applications. Further work on alternative reserve selection algorithms is certainly needed, but the necessary criteria for assessing their utility must be broader than mathematical optimality

Magnetohydrodynamic Shallow Water Waves: Linear Analysis

We present a linear analysis of inviscid, incompressible, magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) shallow water systems. In spherical geometry, a generic property of such systems is the existence of five wave modes. Three of them (two magneto-Poincare modes and one magneto-Rossby mode) are previously known. The other two wave modes are strongly influenced by the magnetic field and rotation, and have substantially lower angular frequencies; as such, we term them "magnetostrophic modes". We obtain analytical functions for the velocity, height and magnetic field perturbations in the limit that the magnitude of the MHD analogue of Lamb's parameter is large. On a sphere, the magnetostrophic modes reside near the poles, while the other modes are equatorially confined. Magnetostrophic modes may be an ingredient in explaining the frequency drifts observed in Type I X-ray bursts from neutron stars.Comment: 15 pages (emulateapj), 4 figures. Accepted by ApJ (no changes in text from previous versions, but ApJ wants no acronyms in title). To appear in Oct 2009, Vol 703/704 of the Astrophysical Journa