JENIS-JENIS BAMBU DI BUKIT GUNUNG ANGGAS, DESA SIDING, KECAMATAN SIDING, KABUPATEN BENGKAYANG

Gunung Anggas Hill, Siding Village, Siding Subdistrict, Bengkayang District has many wildly bamboo plants. Bamboo is a type of grass that belongs to the Gramineae family and is one of the non-timber forest product commodities that grows in most forests in Indonesia and other tropical countries. Bamboo is categorized as a versatile non-timber forest product. Besides being useful, several species of bamboo are ornamental plants as well as processing waste filtering and preventing erosion. This study aims to determine the bamboo species and make a map of the distribution of bamboo based on the coordinates of Gunung Anggas Hill, Siding Village, Siding Subdistrict, Bengkayang District. This study was conducted use a survey method, namely the implementation of path exploration to obtain all species of bamboo. Exploration is carried out directly, such as recording and identifying plants in each encounter on the right and left at three altitudes (100, 200, and 300 masl) with a path length of 100 meters on the hiking trail. The results found four genera of bamboo (Dendrocalamus, Schizostachyum, Bambusa, and Gigantochloa) and eight species of bamboo such as Petung Bamboo (Dendrocalamus asper), Kayan Bamboo (Schizostachyum flexuosum Widjaja), Aur Bamboo (Bambusa vulgaris var. vulgaris), Lemang Bamboo (Schizostachyum brachycladum Kurz), Tamiang bamboo (Schizostachyum latifolium), Tarenk Bamboo (Gigantochloa hasskarliana (kurz) Backer ex Heyne), Mayan bamboo (Gigantochloa robusta) kurz., Timiang pogok bamboo (Schizostachyum silicatum).Keywords: bamboo species, different altitude, Siding VillageAbstrakBukit Gunung Anggas Desa Siding, Kecamatan Siding, Kabupaten Bengkayang memiliki banyak tanaman bambu yang tumbuh secara liar. Bambu adalah salah satu jenis rumput-rumputan yang termasuk kedalam family Gramineae dan merupakan salah satu komoditas hasil hutan bukan kayu yang tumbuh disebagian besar hutan Indonesia dan negara tropika lainnya. Bambu dikategorikan sebagai hasil hutan bukan kayu yang serbaguna. Selain berguna beberapa jenis bambu merupakan tanaman hias maupun pengolah penyaringan limbah dan pencegah erosi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memperoleh nama jenis bambu dan membuat peta persebaran bambu berdasarkan titik koordinat yang ada di Gunung Anggas Desa Siding, Kecamatan Siding, Kabupaten Bengkayang. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode survei, yaitu pelaksanaannya secara eksplorasi jalur untuk memperoleh semua jenis bambu. Eksplorasi dilakukan secara langsung, yaitu mencatat dan mengidentifikasi tumbuhan setiap perjumpaan disebelah kanan dan kiri pada masing-masing ketinggian (100, 200, dan 300 mdpl) dengan panjang jalur penelitian 100 meter di jalur pendaki. Hasil survey menemukan empat Genus bambu (Dendrocalamus, Schizostachyum, Bambusa, dan Gigantochloa) dan delapan sepesies bambu yaitu Bambu Petung (Dendrocalamus asper), Bambu Kayan ( Schizostachyum  flexuosum Widjaja ), Bambu Aur (Bambusa vulgaris var. vulgaris), Bambu Lemang (Schizostachyum brachycladum Kurz), Bambu tamiang (Schizostachyum latifolium), Bambu Tarenk (Gigantochloa hasskarliana (kurz) Backer ex Heyne), Bambu Mayan (Gigantochloa robusta) kurz., Bambu temiang pogok (schizostachyum silicatum).Kata Kunci : Spesies bambu, ketinggian berbeda, Desa Sidin

The Analysis Of Type Of Code Switching Used By Students On English Class

Code switching is common activity that occurs in society with many different languages. It is not only happen in daily conversation between two people  but also  occurs in English class in Indonesia. The activities in English class between teacher and students contain a lot of code switching. The purpose of this study was to analyze the level and of code switching used by students in delivering utterances during the activity in English class. The research used recording and note-taking to collect the data. The subjects in this study were 6 students in class XI accounting at SMK N 4 Samarinda. The results of the research was found that the students used tag code switching as many as 50%, intra sentential code switching 15% and inter sentential code switching 35

Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) restores 25-hydroxy vitamin D levels in rheumatoid arthritis patients by attenuating ROS-mediated activation of NF-κB

Purpose: To investigate the mechanism by which epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) attenuates ROS-induced pathogenesis in a rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients. Methods: Fifty patients (33 male and 17 female) aged between 25 and 60 years who satisfied ACR 1987 criteria for active RA, and thirty healthy individuals were recruited. Total peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), neutrophils and monocytes were isolated from the blood samples of RA patients and healthy donors using commercial extraction kits. Levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and superoxide radical (O2-) in isolated cells were measured using fluorescence spectroscopy while the levels of the associated inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6) were determined in PBMCs isolated from RA patients using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). These parameters were monitored in EGCG-treated and untreated cells. Moreover, the status of 25(OH) vitamin D and NK-κB were investigated in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-challenged PBMCs in the presence and absence of EGCG. Results: Elevated levels of superoxide radical and ROS were observed in neutrophils from RA patients in the absence of ECGC, but in the presence of EGCG, the levels of the two parameters were significantly reduced (p < 0.05). Similarly, EGCG treatment downregulated the ROS-mediated increases in TNF-α and IL-6 in the PBMCs from RA patients (p < 0.05). Treatment of PBMCs with the ROS-inducing agent, LPS, resulted in the activation of NK-κB via phosphorylation, and also depletion of 25(OH) vitamin D levels (p < 0.05). However, pre-treatment of the LPS-challenged cells with EGCG inhibited NK-κB activation and 25(OH)-vitamin D depletion (p < 0.05). Moreover, 25(OH)vitamin D levels were restored in the presence of NK-κB inhibitor, flavopiridol, thereby confirming the direct regulatory role of NK-κB in 25(OH) vitamin D levels. Conclusion: EGCG restores 25(OH) vitamin D levels by attenuating ROS-mediated NK-κB activation. Thus, EGCG may be a promising drug candidate for RA

Astroglial phenotypes in traumatic brain injury and their relationship with neuronal degeneration

Astrocytes are key players in the Central Nervous System injury.By not completely defined pathways, reactive astrocytes may suffer a pathological remodeling engaging a pro-inflammatory phenotype that is very stable and promote further neuroinflammation andneurodegeneration. We here aimed to define the spatio-temporaldistribution of astroglial phenotypes after traumatic brain injury andthe consequences for neuronal survival and behavioral parameters.Following a stereotaxic stab wound injury (0.8 mm needle, coordinates 2 mm posterior and lateral to Bregma; 1 mm depth) performedin C57BL/6 mice and immunohistochemistry on brain sections, weclassified GFAP reactive astrocytes in five different phenotypes defined using Sholl analysis (Auzmendi et al., Molec. Neurobiol. 2019).While at 1 day post-injury (DPI) GFAP+ astrocytes were not differentfrom contralateral non-injured hemisphere, at 3DPI and 7DPI highly reactive phenotypes colocalized with altered neurons in lesionpenumbra. At 14DPI highly reactive astrocytes and altered neuronswere abundant only in the lesion core. Pro-inflammatory gain offunction paradigm was achieved by administering LPS (5 mg/Kg i.p)in lesioned animals, and that resulted in a greater number of complex reactive astrocytes at 7DPI (p<0.05) and a population of C3+astrocytes. On the other hand, loss of function paradigm with chemical NFkB blocker sulfasalazine (150 mg/kg i.p) significantly reducedhighly reactive astrocytes (p<0.05) and showed reduced neuronaldeath. Animal motor deficits were analyzed by computer-assistedopen field, but at 7DPI we were unable to detect significative differences among groups probably due to the small lesion size. Weconclude that increased GFAP+ higher complexity astrocytes areassociated with increased neuronal death and that NFkB pathway islikely to be involved in the pathological conversion to the pro-inflammatory-neurodegenerative phenotype.Fil: Cieri, M. B.. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia "Prof. Eduardo de Robertis". Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia; ArgentinaFil: Mailing, Ingrid Eleonora. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia "Prof. Eduardo de Robertis". Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia; ArgentinaFil: Villarreal, Alejandro. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia "Prof. Eduardo de Robertis". Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia; ArgentinaFil: Ramos, Alberto Javier. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia "Prof. Eduardo de Robertis". Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia; ArgentinaLXV Reunión anual de la Sociedad Argentina de Investigación Clínica; LXVIII Reunión anual de la Sociedad Argentina de Inmunología y Reunión Anual de la Asociación Argentina de FisiologíaArgentinaSociedad Argentina de Investigación ClínicaSociedad Argentina de InmunologíaAsociación Argentina de Fisiologí

Compact Floor-Planning via Orderly Spanning Trees

Floor-planning is a fundamental step in VLSI chip design. Based upon the concept of orderly spanning trees, we present a simple O(n)-time algorithm to construct a floor-plan for any n-node plane triangulation. In comparison with previous floor-planning algorithms in the literature, our solution is not only simpler in the algorithm itself, but also produces floor-plans which require fewer module types. An equally important aspect of our new algorithm lies in its ability to fit the floor-plan area in a rectangle of size (n-1)x(2n+1)/3. Lower bounds on the worst-case area for floor-planning any plane triangulation are also provided in the paper.Comment: 13 pages, 5 figures, An early version of this work was presented at 9th International Symposium on Graph Drawing (GD 2001), Vienna, Austria, September 2001. Accepted to Journal of Algorithms, 200

Reframing nutritional microbiota studies to reflect an inherent metabolic flexibility of the human gut: A narrative review focusing on high-fat diets

There is a broad consensus in nutritional-microbiota research that high-fat (HF) diets are harmful to human health, at least in part through their modulation of the gut microbiota. However, various studies also support the inherent flexibility of the human gut and our microbiota’s ability to adapt to a variety of food sources, suggesting a more nuanced picture. In this article, we first discuss some problems fac-ing basic translational research and provide a different framework for thinking about diet and gut health in terms of metabolic flexibility. We then offer evidence that well-formulated HF diets, such as ketogenic diets, may provide healthful alternative fuel sources for the human gut. We place this in the context of cancer research, where this concern over HF diets is also expressed, and consider various potential objections concerning the effects of lipopolysaccharides, trimethylamine-N-oxide, and secondary bile acids on human gut health. We end by providing some gen-eral suggestions for how to improve research and clinical practice with respect to the gut microbiota when considering the framework of metabolic flexibility.Immunity, DEvelopment and Microbiota: Understanding the Continuous Construction of Biological Identit

La promoción y mercadeo de los laboratorios farmacéuticos, y su influencia en la compra de medicamentos

El reto de esta investigación es determinar influencia de la promoción y el mercadeo de los laboratorios y su influencia en la compra de medicamentos, teniendo en cuenta el nivel de satisfacción del cliente, y de acuerdo a los resultados encontrados proponer estrategias orientadas al mejorar el servicio al cliente, que lleven a fortalecer el crecimiento de la Industria Farmacéutica. Se habla de reto, ya que los accesos a las fuentes de información en el Mercadeo Farmacéutico son limitados, y corresponde al autor encontrarlas, enfocar las fuentes de mercadeo encontradas al tema a tratar, y plasmar el conocimiento práctico en esta investigación de manera objetiva y precisa. Ocupa actualmente uno de los renglones más destacados de la economía en Colombia, alcanzando cifras por encima de los 3 billones de pesos y esperando un crecimiento por encima del 7% en 2017. Colombia presenta características que sugieren una perspectiva positiva para el sector farmacéutico como: mayores niveles de urbanización, acceso de la población a la educación y el ingreso de la mujer a las actividades laborales que generan un impacto positivo en la economía. (Apartes del texto)The challenge of this research is to determine the influence of the promotion and marketing of the laboratories and their influence on the purchase of medicines, taking into account the level of customer satisfaction, and according to the results found, propose strategies aimed at improving the service to the client, which lead to strengthen the growth of the Pharmaceutical Industry. We speak of a challenge, since the accesses to the sources of information in Pharmaceutical Marketing are limited, and it is up to the author to find them, focus the marketing sources found on the subject to be treated, and translate practical knowledge in this research objectively and precise. It currently occupies one of the most prominent lines of the economy in Colombia, reaching figures above 3 trillion pesos and expecting growth of over 7% in 2017. Colombia presents characteristics that suggest a positive outlook for the pharmaceutical sector such as: higher levels of urbanization, access of the population to education and the entry of women to work activities that generate a positive impact on the economy.Fundación Universitaria Los Libertadore

“Comprendo y Reflexiono” Una Secuencia Didáctica de Enfoque Comunicativo para la Comprensión de Textos Narrativos tipo Fábula en Español e Inglés Como Lengua Extranjera, en Estudiantes de Grado 2do y Aula Multigrado

Esta investigación tuvo como propósito comprender las transformaciones de las prácticas de enseñanza del lenguaje, de dos docentes, una de grado 2do del Centro Educativo La Carbonera y otra de aula multigrado de la Institución Educativa María Analia Ortiz Hormaza, sede José Acevedo y Gómez, a partir de la implementación de una secuencia didáctica de enfoque comunicativo para la comprensión de textos narrativos, tipo fábula, en español e inglés como lengua extranjera; en consecuencia, se tuvieron en cuenta los aportes teóricos de Vigotsky (1995), Lerner (2001), Mercer (2001), Todorov (1971), Hymes (1996), Marco Común Europeo para las Lenguas: aprendizaje, enseñanza y evaluación (2002), Camps (2008), y Perrenoud (2007)..