Comparing graphs and text: Effects of complexity and task

Graphs are commonly believed to facilitate users’ compre-hension. We explored the effect of graphs on comprehension compared to text, manipulating content complexity (single bar vs. double bar graphs) and question type (point-locating vs. comparison questions). A total 78 college students viewed graph and text stimuli and answered comprehension questions while their eye movements were recorded. The results indicate that students do not always process graphs more efficiently than text conveying the same information. Students processed graphs significantly faster than text only when the more complex questions were shown. When the more complex graphic patterns were presented, the advantage of graphs over text became less apparent. The students also spent the majority of their time looking at specific information on the axes and label regions of the graphs with the increasing complexity of graphs and tasks. These findings are discussed related to theories of learning including cognitive load theory and perceptual salience theory

(4-Hydr­oxy-1,1-dioxo-2H-1,2-benzothia­zin-3-yl)(3-methoxy­phen­yl)methanone

In the title compoud, C16H13NO5S, the heterocyclic thia­zine ring adopts a twist boat conformation with the S and N atoms displaced by 0.339 (5) and 0.322 (4) Å, respectively, on opposite sides of the mean plane formed by the remaining ring atoms. An intra­molecular O—H⋯O inter­action is present, forming a five-membered ring. The crystal structure is stabilized by inter­molecular N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, which result in chains along the b axis

Effects of Multisensory Phonics-Based Training on the Word Recognition and Spelling Skills of Adolescents with Reading Disabilities

The purpose of this study was to explore the effectiveness of an Orton-Gillingham-based reading instruction system, the Barton Reading and Spelling System (BRSS; Barton 2000), that was used as a supplemental reading instruction program for increasing the lower-level reading skills of a group of adolescents with persistent reading problems. Nine students participated in the supplemental reading program based on pre-test scores of a spoken and written language assessment battery. Progress was measured at the end of intervention by post-testing students on the same assessment battery. Each student showed some improvements from their pretest to posttest scores on all of the measures utilized, with some having moderate to large effect sizes, supporting the view that the BRSS is an appropriate supplemental reading program for struggling adolescent readers within a response to instruction framework. Future research should include a larger sample size and a control group

1-Acetyl-3-(4-chloro­phen­yl)-5-(4-fluoro­phen­yl)-2-pyrazoline

In the title mol­ecule, C17H14ClFN2O, the mean plane of the pyrazoline ring makes dihedral angles of 18.19 (1) and 83.51 (4)° with the 4-chloro­benzene and 4-fluoro­benzene rings, respectively. The two benzene rings make a dihedral angle of 76.11 (2)°. Weak inter­molecular C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds help stabilize the crystal structure

2-(3,4-Dimethyl-5,5-dioxo-2H,4H-pyrazolo[4,3-c][1,2]benzothia­zin-2-yl)-N′-(2-thienylmethyl­idene)acetohydrazide

In the title mol­ecule, C18H17N5O3S2, the heterocyclic thia­zine ring adopts a twist boat conformation, with the S and N atoms displaced by 0.480 (7) and 0.205 (8) Å, respectively, on opposite sides of the mean plane formed by the remaining ring atoms. The pyrazole and benzene rings are tilted at an angle of 10.9 (2)° with respect to one another. The crystal structure is stabilized by inter­molecular N—H⋯O and C—H⋯N hydrogen bonds, resulting in dimers forming nine-membered rings of graph-set motif R 2 2(9). In addition, inter­molecular C—H⋯O inter­actions result in chains of mol­ecules along the c axis, further consolidating the crystal packing

Isoprop­yl (3,4-dimethyl-5,5-dioxo-4H-pyrazolo­[4,3-c][1,2]benzothia­zin-2-yl)acetate

In the title mol­ecule, C16H19N3O4S, the heterocyclic thia­zine ring adopts a half-chair conformation, with the S and N atoms displaced by 0.547 (2) and −0.254 (3) Å, respectively, from the plane formed by the remaining atoms. In the crystal, weak C—H⋯N and C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds link the mol­ecules

1-[3-(2-Nitro­phen­yl)-5-phenyl-2-pyrazolin-1-yl]ethanone

The title compound, C17H15N3O3, was prepared from 1-(2-nitro­phen­yl)-3-phenyl­prop-2-en-1-one and hydrazine. The dihedral angle between the benzene and phenyl rings is 74.55 (2)°. The pyrazoline ring is in a slight envelope conformation with the C atom bonded to the phenyl ring forming the flap. In the crystal structure, weak inter­molecular C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds connect mol­ecules into chains along [100]

4-Hy­droxy-2-[(4-iodo­benzo­yl)meth­yl]-3-(3-meth­oxy­benzo­yl)-2H-1,2-benzothia­zine 1,1-dioxide

In the title mol­ecule, C24H18INO6S, the heterocyclic thia­zine ring adopts a half-chair conformation, with the S and N atoms displaced by 0.381 (5) and −0.449 (5) Å, respectively, from the plane formed by the remaining atoms in the ring; the puckering parameters are Q = 0.550 (2) Å, θ = 61.7 (2)° and ϕ = 31.4 (3)°. The conformation is stabilized by an intra­molecular O—H⋯O hydrogen bond. The two nonfused benzene rings lie almost parallel to each other [dihedral angle = 9.18 (4)°], with a separation of 3.754 (2) Å between the centres of gravity of the two rings, indicating strong π–π inter­actions

3-Benzoyl-4-hydr­oxy-2-methyl-2H-1,2-benzothia­zine 1,1-dioxide

In the title mol­ecule, C16H13NO4S, the heterocyclic thia­zine ring adopts a half-chair conformation with the S and N atoms displaced by 0.410 (3) and 0.299 (3) Å, respectively, on opposite sides of the mean plane formed by the remaining ring atoms. The crystal structure is stabilized by inter­molecular hydrogen bonds of the types O—H⋯O and C—H⋯O; the former result in dimers lying about inversion centers and the latter form chains of mol­ecules running along the c axis. In addition, intra­molecular O—H⋯O links are present

4-Hy­droxy-3-(3-meth­oxybenzoyl)-2-[(3-meth­oxybenzoyl)methyl]-2H-1,2-benzothia­zine 1,1-dioxide

In the title compound, C25H21NO7S, the heterocyclic thia­zine ring adopts a half-chair conformation, with the S and N atoms displaced by −0.284 (3) and 0.411 (3) Å, respectively, from the plane formed by the remaining ring atoms; the puckering parameters are: Q = 0.4576 (13) Å, θ = 58.6 (2) and ϕ = 34.3 (3)°. The structure is devoid of any classical hydrogen bonds. However, intra­molecular C—H⋯N and O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds result in six-membered rings and inter­molecular C—H⋯O inter­actions stabilize the crystal structure