1,024 research outputs found
Development of powder diffraction apparatus for small-angle X-ray scattering measurements
A novel type of X-ray collimation system attached to commercial powder diffractometers makes the structural characterization of nanomaterials possible in a wide size range from <0.1 to 100 nm by combination of the small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering techniques. There is no dead interval in the detection between the small- and wide-angle regimes. This device can be attached to any existing 'Ξ/Ξ' powder diffractometer, providing a multi-functional small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering/diffraction (SWAXS) apparatus. After proper alignment and adjustment, the device can be removed and re-attached at any time to switch between normal and SWAXS functions. Copyright © International Union of Crystallography 2013
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A new GIS toolbox for integrating massive heterogeneous GIS data for land use change analysis
Agricultural land use in Germany and related impacts on the environment and the use of natural resources are key research topics at the ThuÌnen-Institute of Rural Studies. As spatial context is essential for the analysis of causal connections, GIS data regarding all necessary information was gathered during different research projects and prepared for processing in a database. In particular, the Integrated Administration and Control System, which was available for certain project purposes for several Federal Laender and years, serves as a very detailed data source for agricultural land use. We use different Open Source GIS software like PostgreSQL/ PostGIS, GRASS and QuantumGIS for geoprocessing, supplemented with the proprietary ESRI product ArcGIS. After introducing the used input data and the general processing approach, this paper presents a selection of geoprocessing routines for which Open Source GIS software was used. As an exemplary âuse caseâ for the conclusions from the consecutive statistical analysis, we summarize impacts of increased biogas production on agricultural land use change highlighting the trend in biogas maize cultivation and the conversion of permanent grassland to agricultural cropland
Quantifying biogenic bias in screening libraries.
In lead discovery, libraries of 10(6) molecules are screened for biological activity. Given the over 10(60) drug-like molecules thought possible, such screens might never succeed. The fact that they do, even occasionally, implies a biased selection of library molecules. We have developed a method to quantify the bias in screening libraries toward biogenic molecules. With this approach, we consider what is missing from screening libraries and how they can be optimized
Pedestal and Er profile evolution during an edge localized mode cycle at ASDEX Upgrade
The upgrade of the edge charge exchange recombination spectroscopy diagnostic at ASDEX
Upgrade has enabled highly spatially resolved me
asurements of the impurity ion dynamics during an
edge-localized mode cycle
(
ELM
)
with unprecedented temp
oral resolution, i.e. 65
Ό
s. The increase of
transport during an ELM induces a relaxation of the
ion, electron edge gradients in impurity density
and
fl
ows. Detailed characterization of the recovery
of the edge temperature gradients reveals a
difference in the ion and electron channe
l: the maximum ion temperature gradient
T
i
is
re-established on similar timescales as
n
e
, which is faster than the recovery of
T
e
.Afterthe
clamping of the maximum gradient,
T
i
and
T
e
at the pedestal top continue to rise up to the next ELM
while
n
e
stays constant which means that the temperatur
e pedestal and the resu
lting pedestal pressure
widen until the next ELM. The edge radial electric
fi
eld
E
r
at the ELM crash is found to reduce to
typical L-mode values and its ma
ximum recovers to its pre-ELM conditions on a similar time scale as
for
n
e
and
T
i
. Within the uncertainties, the measurements of
E
r
align with their neoclassical
predictions
E
r,neo
for most of the ELM cycle, thus indicating that
E
r
is dominated by collisional
processes. However, between 2 and 4 ms af
ter the ELM crash, other contributions to
E
B
Ì
fl
ow,
e.g. zonal
fl
ows or ion orbit effects, could not be
excluded within the uncertainties.European Commission (EUROfusion 633053
Auswertung von Daten des Integrierten Verwaltungs- und Kontrollsystems zur AbschĂ€tzung der EU-Agrarreform auf Umwelt und Landschaft: Bericht fĂŒr das F+E-Vorhaben 'Naturschutzfachliche Bewertung der GAP-Effizienzsteigerung durch Nutzung bestehender DatenbestĂ€nde', gefördert durch das Bundesamt fĂŒr Naturschutz (BfN) mit Mitteln des Bundesministeriums fĂŒr Umwelt, Naturschutz und Reaktorsicherheit
Der vorliegende Arbeitsbericht entstand im Rahmen des F+E-Vorhabens 'Naturschutzfachliche Bewertung der GAP - Effizienzsteigerung durch Nutzung bestehender DatenbestĂ€nde', das durch das Bundesamt fĂŒr Naturschutz (BfN) mit Mitteln des Bundesministeriums fĂŒr Umwelt, Naturschutz und Reaktorsicherheit gefördert wurde. Ziel dieses Projektes war die Untersuchung flĂ€chenbezogener Auswirkungen der im Jahr 2003 beschlossenen EU-Agrarreform in Hinblick auf naturschutzrelevante Fragestellungen. Grundlage fĂŒr quantitative Analysen bildeten die Daten des Integrierten Verwaltungs- und Kontrollsystems (InVeKoS), Fachkarten zu Schutzgebieten und flĂ€chenbezogenen Zielen des Natur- und Wasserschutzes sowie standortbezogene Informationen aus vier BundeslĂ€ndern. Das Projekt diente damit auch dazu, Methoden zur Auswertung von InVeKoS-Daten in VerknĂŒpfung mit georeferenzierten Fachdaten zu entwickeln und Erfahrungen mit der Evaluierung von MaĂnahmen der ersten SĂ€ule der Gemeinsamen Agrarpolitik (GAP) zu sammeln. Einen besonderen Schwerpunkt bei der Analyse nahm die Entwicklung der GrĂŒnlandflĂ€chen ein. Mit Hilfe der InVeKoS-Daten lassen sich rĂ€umlich hoch aufgelöste Informationen ĂŒber die Dynamik der landwirtschaftlichen FlĂ€chennutzung abbilden. Dabei zeigt sich, dass in Bezug auf GrĂŒnlandverluste neben der Umwandlung in Ackerland auch die 'De-Aktivierung' von im Jahr 2005 im InVeKoS gemeldeten GrĂŒnlandflĂ€chen eine Rolle spielt, da fĂŒr relevante FlĂ€chenumfĂ€nge in den Folgejahren keine AntrĂ€ge mehr gestellt wurden. Anhand der Daten fĂŒr 2005 und 2007 konnte fĂŒr ĂŒber 40.000 Hektar FlĂ€che eine Umwandlung von GrĂŒnland in Ackerland nachgewiesen werden, im Vergleich zu einem GrĂŒnlandflĂ€chenverlust nach Cross Compliance-Statistik von insgesamt ca. 80.000 Hektar. Die Differenz ist auf 'De-Aktivierungen' zurĂŒckzufĂŒhren. Die Umwandlung von GrĂŒnland konnt auch innerhalb ökologisch sensibler Kulissen, z. B. auf Moorböden, nachgewiesen werden. ZusĂ€tzlich wurden bestehende beihilfe- und fachrechtliche Regelungen aus Agrar- und Umweltpolitik hinsichtlich möglicher Schutzwirkungen fĂŒr GrĂŒnland betrachtet. Der Bericht schlieĂt mit Empfehlungen insbesondere zu GrĂŒnlandschutz, zur Weiterentwicklung des Kontrollsystems fĂŒr Landschaftselemente und zur Nutzbarkeit von InVeKoS-Daten. -- This report emerged in the course of the R&D project 'Evaluation of the CAP from a nature conservation point of view - increased efficiency through use of existing data sets', which was financed by the Federal Agency for Nature Conservation (Bundesamt fĂŒr Naturschutz) with funds of the Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety. The aim of this project was to investigate area-related impacts in terms of nature conservation due to the EU agricultural reform of 2003. The basis for quantitative analyses were data of the Integrated Administration and Control System (IACS), technical maps on protected areas and area related objectives for nature and water conservation, and site-specific information from four German federal states. Thus, the project served as well for developing methodologies for the analysis of IACS-data in connection with geo referenced technical data, and for collecting experiences with the evaluation of first pillar measures of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP). A special focus was on the development of the grassland area. IACS-data provide highly disaggregated spatial information on the dynamic of agricultural land use. Regarding loss of grassland it could be shown that besides a conversion into arable land the 'de-activation' of grassland initially IACS-registered in 2005 played a role, because relevant areas were not registered in subsequent years. On basis of data for 2005 and 2007, conversion of grassland into arable use could be detected on more than 40,000 hectare, compared to 80.000 hectare grassland loss according to cross compliance statistics. The difference is due to 'de-activation'. However, the analyses detected conversion of grassland to arable land as well in ecologically sensitive areas, e.g. on organic soils. In addition existing support payments and mandatory rules from agricultural and environmental policy were examined with respect to possible protection effects for grassland. The report concludes with recommendations, particularly regarding the protection of grassland, a further development of the control system for landscape elements, and the usability of IACS-data.Agrarreform,InVeKoS-Daten,FlĂ€chennutzung,GrĂŒnland : Naturschutz,Agricultural reform,IACS-data,land use,grassland,nature conservation
WER SCHĂTZT DAS GRĂNLAND? â ANALYSEN ZUR DYNAMIK DES DAUERGRĂNLANDS UND ENTSPRECHENDER SCHUTZMECHANISMEN
Agrarumweltpolitik, InVeKoS-Daten, Landnutzung, GrĂŒnlandumbruch, Environmental Economics and Policy, Land Economics/Use, Resource /Energy Economics and Policy,
FlÀchennutzungsanalysen als Grundlage der Klimaberichterstattung
Als Unterzeichnerstaat mehrerer internationaler Vereinbarungen zum Klimaschutz hat sich Deutschland verpflichtet, jĂ€hrlich nationale Emissionsinventare zu Treibhausgasen zu erstellen (Klimaberichterstattung). Im Sektor 5 âLandnutzung, LandnutzungsĂ€nderung und Forstwirtschaft (LULUCF)â muss ĂŒber die Emissionen aus VerĂ€nderungen in den Pools Boden, ober- und unterirdische Biomasse sowie Totholz und Streu berichtet werden, infolge anthropogenen Einflusses auf die Landnutzung. Grundlage der nationalen LULUCF-Berichterstattung ist u. a. die Erstellung einer konsistenten Zeitreihe der Landnutzung und LandnutzungsĂ€nderungen in Deutschland von 1990 bis heute. Dieser lange Zeitraum lĂ€sst sich flĂ€chendeckend mit den jeweils bestmöglichen Daten nur unter Verwendung unterschiedlicher DatensĂ€tze abdecken (z. B. Corine Land Cover, Basis-DLM, CIR-Luftbilder, Satellitenbilder). Diese unterscheiden sich in vielerlei Hinsicht jedoch stark (z. B. Auflösung, Inhalt). Um diese DatensĂ€tze zu einer einheitlichen rĂ€umlich und zeitlich konsistenten Landnutzungsmatrix zusammenzufĂŒhren, wurde ein auf Punktstichproben basierender Rasterpunktansatz entwickelt. Dieser wird in diesem Beitrag vorgestellt
Polyethylene oxide matrix tablet swelling evolution: The impact of molecular weight and tablet composition
This article describes the designing of matrix tablets composed of polyethylene oxides (PEOs) with relative molecular masses of 1 Ă 106, 2 Ă 106, and 4 Ă 106. Percolation thresholds were determined for all of the selected PEO formulations (18, 16, and 12 %, m/m), taking into consideration excipients and tablet surface area which significantly increased the percolation threshold. Moreover, the robustness of the gel layer in PEO matrix tablets was evaluated by magnetic resonance imaging under various mechanical stresses (no flow, 12 mL minâ1, and 64 mLâ1 of medium flow). Correlations between the percolation threshold and gel thickness (R2 = 0.86), gel thickness and the erosion coefficient (R2 = 0.96) was detected. Furthermore, small-angle X-ray scattering of the selected PEOs detected differences in polymer molecular complexity at the nanoscale. Finally, the ratio of the heat of coalescence to the heat of fusion has confirmed the PEO molecular mass-dependent percolation threshold
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