A Multilevel Analysis of Implicit and Explicit CSR in French and UK Professional Sport

Research question: This paper examines the ways in which French and UK professional sports clubs implement and communicate their CSR policies. In addition to identifying similarities and differences between CSR practices in the two countries, our analysis extends and adapts the implicit-explicit CSR framework to the field of sport. Research methods: We used a mixed methods approach to analyse qualitative and quantitative data on the CSR strategies of 66 professional rugby union (Top 14, Aviva Premiership Rugby) and football (Ligue 1, Premier League) clubs over the 2017-2018 season. Results and findings: We found major differences in CSR communication between France and the UK. Communication by French clubs tends to highlight sport’s values, involve few media channels, whereas communication by UK clubs explicitly vaunts their social responsibility and involves numerous channels. In the case of CSR implementation, there are similarities between French and UK clubs, especially in the fields their CSR initiatives cover (e.g., health, diversity), as well as differences. However, the scope of initiatives varies more between sports than between countries, with football demonstrating a more international outlook than rugby. Implications: This article expands Matten and Moon’s (2008) implicit-explicit CSR framework by identifying the influence of interactions between sectorial/field-level factors and national/macro-level factors on CSR practices, and by distinguishing between CSR communication and CSR implementation. Our results throw light on the shift from implicit to explicit CSR in French professional sport

A review of data needed to parameterize a dynamic model of measles in developing countries

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Dynamic models of infection transmission can project future disease burden within a population. Few dynamic measles models have been developed for low-income countries, where measles disease burden is highest. Our objective was to review the literature on measles epidemiology in low-income countries, with a particular focus on data that are needed to parameterize dynamic models.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>We included age-stratified case reporting and seroprevalence studies with fair to good sample sizes for mostly urban African and Indian populations. We emphasized studies conducted before widespread immunization. We summarized age-stratified attack rates and seroprevalence profiles across these populations. Using the study data, we fitted a "representative" seroprevalence profile for African and Indian settings. We also used a catalytic model to estimate the age-dependent force of infection for individual African and Indian studies where seroprevalence was surveyed. We used these data to quantify the effects of population density on the basic reproductive number <it>R</it>₀.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The peak attack rate usually occurred at age 1 year in Africa, and 1 to 2 years in India, which is earlier than in developed countries before mass vaccination. Approximately 60% of children were seropositive for measles antibody by age 2 in Africa and India, according to the representative seroprevalence profiles. A statistically significant decline in the force of infection with age was found in 4 of 6 Indian seroprevalence studies, but not in 2 African studies. This implies that the classic threshold result describing the critical proportion immune (<it>p</it>_c) required to eradicate an infectious disease, <it>p</it>_c= 1-1/<it>R</it>₀, may overestimate the required proportion immune to eradicate measles in some developing country populations. A possible, though not statistically significant, positive relation between population density and <it>R</it>₀for various Indian and African populations was also found. These populations also showed a similar pattern of waning of maternal antibodies. Attack rates in rural Indian populations show little dependence on vaccine coverage or population density compared to urban Indian populations. Estimated <it>R</it>₀values varied widely across populations which has further implications for measles elimination.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>It is possible to develop a broadly informative dynamic model of measles transmission in low-income country settings based on existing literature, though it may be difficult to develop a model that is closely tailored to any given country. Greater efforts to collect data specific to low-income countries would aid in control efforts by allowing highly population-specific models to be developed.</p

Evaluation de la qualité des zones de production conchylicole. Département : Vendée. Edition 2013

Après un rappel des objectifs, du fonctionnement et de la méthode d’interprétation des résultats du réseau de contrôle microbiologique REMI et du réseau de surveillance chimique ROCCH, ce rapport inclut un bilan national et décrit le programme annuel du département de la Vendée. Il présente l’ensemble des résultats obtenus, en particulier l’estimation de la qualité microbiologique et chimique des zones de production de coquillages classées. La totalité des points suivis depuis plus de dix ans affichent une tendance générale à un maintien ou à l’amélioration de la qualité sanitaire. En 2012, le dispositif système d’alerte a été déclenché 16 fois suite à des contaminations détectées sur les zones de production. Pour la première fois en Vendée nord, trois alertes de niveau 2 ont été activées sur deux zones. Les fortes contaminations observées permettent d’estimer en D la qualité de la zone 85.02.02. Les classements sanitaires des zones de production professionnelle classées (arrêtés préfectoraux des 14 décembre 2009 et 31 mai 2011) et suivies, sont conformes pour 67 % d’entre eux aux qualités microbiologiques estimées sur ces zones pour la période 2010-2012. Par arrêté du 14 juin 2013, deux zones ne sont plus classées provisoirement, deux zones ont été scindées en deux et une zone classée pour le groupe 3 est désormais classée pour les groupes 2 et 3

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Wind erosion potential for fugitive dust sources in the Athabasca OilSands Region

This study characterized the generation of windblown dust from various sources in the Athabasca Oil Sands Region (AOSR) in Alberta, Canada. The Portable In-Situ Wind Erosion Laboratory (PI-SWERL) equipped with two real-time dust monitors and nine-channel filter packs was used to simulate wind-driven erosion and measure emissions. Sixty four sites were measured, including oil sands mining facilities, quarry operations, and roadways in the vicinity of Ft. McMurray and Ft. McKay. Key parameters related to windblown dust generation were characterized including: threshold friction velocity, reservoir type, and particle size-segregated emission potential. The threshold wind speed for particle suspension varies from 11 to 21.5 km/h (u10 + ; measured at 10 m above ground level), and saltation occurs at higher speeds of u10 + &gt;32 km/h. All surfaces have limited dust supplies at lower wind speeds of &lt;27 km/h, but have unlimited dust supplies at the highest wind speed tested (56 km/h). Unpaved roads, parking lots, or bare land with high abundances of loose clay and silt materials along with frequent mechanical disturbances are the highest dust emitting surfaces. Paved roads, stabilized or treated (e.g., watered) surfaces with limited loose dust materials are the lowest emitting surfaces. Surface watering proved effective in reducing dust emissions, with potential emission reductions of 50&ndash;99%. Surface disturbances by traffic or other activities were found to increase PM10 emission potentials 9&ndash;160 times. These data will improve the accuracy of emission inventories, dust dispersion, transport, and source apportionment models, and help design and evaluate dust control strategies.</p