河川に生息する二ホンウナギ（Anguilla japonica）の食物網解析による保全生態学的研究

京都大学新制・課程博士博士(地球環境学)甲第23351号地環博第209号新制||地環||40(附属図書館)京都大学大学院地球環境学舎地球環境学専攻(主査)教授 德地 直子, 教授 柴田 昌三, 准教授 西川 完途学位規則第4条第1項該当Doctor of Global Environmental StudiesKyoto UniversityDGA

Maternal and professional identity change during the transition to motherhood

Becoming a mother derails many women’s chances for career progression. One reason for this is that women leave organisations when they become mothers, or reduce their working hours. Another reason is that people within the organisation start to view them as less career-orientated as a result of being mothers. At the core of this issue is that who a woman is – her identity – is being redefined in the transition to motherhood, by herself and by those around her. But, little is known about how her professional identity develops during the transition to motherhood, or whether its development is related to her growing maternal identity. This paper, therefore, presents a systematic review of the literature concerning changes in maternal and professional identities, as well as the relationship between them. Based on the evidence, this review concludes that although the development of maternal identity has been well documented in the literature, little is known about how a woman’s professional identity develops, as she becomes a mother. Suggestions for further research and practice are discussed

Creating a Healthy Rural Ecosystem for Community Vitality: Developing Rural Community Business Research

The objective of this project is to create a model of and mechanism for statewide, systematic data collection to support workforce development pathways for P-20 students in rural Maine to ensure the long-term vitality and success of these communities. Businesses, as sites of financial and social capital development, can be more thoughtfully calibrated to local workforce needs in these communities. However, data is not currently made available to businesses and community leaders that would allow them to make thoughtful decisions about how to use community resources and time in order to create these partnerships. Businesses and economic growth in rural communities are intertwined–the development of the community is intrinsically linked to the success of its small businesses, and without qualified and educated workers businesses cannot thrive (Bird, Sapp, & Lee, 2001; Schafft, 2016; Tigges & Green, 1994). Despite challenges in providing a quality education and business opportunities, these communities still have the potential to be successful in the long-term. Through a series of semi-structured interviews with stakeholders in two rural Maine communities the researchers will utilize their preliminary research to gain a deeper understanding of the towns and collect data through the interviews in order to aid the economic development of businesses in the communities

A multi-faceted approach testing the effects of previous bacterial exposure on resistance and tolerance

Hosts can alter their strategy towards pathogens during their lifetime; that is, they can show phenotypic plasticity in immunity or life history. Immune priming is one such example, where a previous encounter with a pathogen confers enhanced protection upon secondary challenge, resulting in reduced pathogen load (i.e., resistance) and improved host survival. However, an initial encounter might also enhance tolerance, particularly to less virulent opportunistic pathogens that establish persistent infections. In this scenario, individuals are better able to reduce the negative fecundity consequences that result from a high pathogen burden. Finally, previous exposure may also lead to life‐history adjustments, such as terminal investment into reproduction. Using different Drosophila melanogaster host genotypes and two bacterial pathogens, Lactococcus lactis and Pseudomonas entomophila, we tested whether previous exposure results in resistance or tolerance and whether it modifies immune gene expression during an acute‐phase infection (one day post‐challenge). We then asked whether previous pathogen exposure affects chronic‐phase pathogen persistence and longer‐term survival (28 days post‐challenge). We predicted that previous exposure would increase host resistance to an early stage bacterial infection while it might come at a cost to host fecundity tolerance. We reasoned that resistance would be due in part to stronger immune gene expression after challenge. We expected that previous exposure would improve long‐term survival, that it would reduce infection persistence, and we expected to find genetic variation in these responses. We found that previous exposure to P. entomophila weakened host resistance to a second infection independent of genotype and had no effect on immune gene expression. Fecundity tolerance showed genotypic variation but was not influenced by previous exposure. However, L. lactis persisted as a chronic infection, whereas survivors cleared the more pathogenic P. entomophila infection. To our knowledge, this is the first study that addresses host tolerance to bacteria in relation to previous exposure, taking a multi‐faceted approach to address the topic. Our results suggest that previous exposure comes with transient costs to resistance during the early stage of infection in this host–pathogen system and that infection persistence may be bacterium‐specific

A multi-faceted approach testing the effects of previous bacterial exposure on resistance and tolerance

Hosts can alter their strategy towards pathogens during their lifetime; that is, they can show phenotypic plasticity in immunity or life history. Immune priming is one such example, where a previous encounter with a pathogen confers enhanced protection upon secondary challenge, resulting in reduced pathogen load (i.e., resistance) and improved host survival. However, an initial encounter might also enhance tolerance, particularly to less virulent opportunistic pathogens that establish persistent infections. In this scenario, individuals are better able to reduce the negative fecundity consequences that result from a high pathogen burden. Finally, previous exposure may also lead to life‐history adjustments, such as terminal investment into reproduction. Using different Drosophila melanogaster host genotypes and two bacterial pathogens, Lactococcus lactis and Pseudomonas entomophila, we tested whether previous exposure results in resistance or tolerance and whether it modifies immune gene expression during an acute‐phase infection (one day post‐challenge). We then asked whether previous pathogen exposure affects chronic‐phase pathogen persistence and longer‐term survival (28 days post‐challenge). We predicted that previous exposure would increase host resistance to an early stage bacterial infection while it might come at a cost to host fecundity tolerance. We reasoned that resistance would be due in part to stronger immune gene expression after challenge. We expected that previous exposure would improve long‐term survival, that it would reduce infection persistence, and we expected to find genetic variation in these responses. We found that previous exposure to P. entomophila weakened host resistance to a second infection independent of genotype and had no effect on immune gene expression. Fecundity tolerance showed genotypic variation but was not influenced by previous exposure. However, L. lactis persisted as a chronic infection, whereas survivors cleared the more pathogenic P. entomophila infection. To our knowledge, this is the first study that addresses host tolerance to bacteria in relation to previous exposure, taking a multi‐faceted approach to address the topic. Our results suggest that previous exposure comes with transient costs to resistance during the early stage of infection in this host–pathogen system and that infection persistence may be bacterium‐specific

Sustaining identities in the face of competing norms: returners' identity work.

Management and organization studies indicate that motherhood can change women’s working lives and that the transition to motherhood contributes to the leaky pipeline for female talent. The extant literature suggests that women manage tensions between cultural norms for ‘good mothers’ and ‘ideal workers’ by developing a consistent approach, such as prioritising their maternal identities over their worker identities or trying to segment the two identities to limit conflict. However, the suggestion that women can manage tensions between their maternal and worker identities utilising one strategy implies stability in these identities that is not evident in the everyday practices of working mothers. Drawing on a qualitative study of German women’s experiences of returning to professional and managerial roles within a manufacturing company following parental leave, I describe the identity work returners engage in to sustain their maternal and worker identities in the face of competing norms for mothers and workers. The findings indicate that returners engage in dialectic identity work, which is the purposeful and situationally-emergent effort returners expend to construct coexisting maternal and worker identities. This study extends previous research by highlighting the instability and incoherence in maternal and worker identities following the return to work -- differentiating between the strategies returners describe using in response to identity challenges upon workplace re- entry and the dialectic identity work tactics that facilitate situationally-appropriate identity responses. Applying Kreiner et al.’s (2015) identity elasticity construct to individual identities, this study demonstrates how returners maintain maternal and worker identities that are shifting and incoherent. This study also extends our understanding of women’s experiences in returning to work by revealing the influence of the length of parental leave taken and prior return to work experience on returners’ identity work.PhD in Leadership and Managemen

The role of dysfunctional sleep beliefs in mediating the outcomes of web-based cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia in community-dwelling older adults: Protocol for a single-group, nonrandomized trial

Background: Sleeping well is an essential part of good health. Older adult populations report a high rate of sleep problems, with recent studies suggesting that cognitive processes as well as behavioral and hyperarousal-related mechanisms could be important factors in the development and maintenance of insomnia. Individuals who have an asynchronous or uncoupled sleep pattern and sleep appraisal-those who complain about their sleep but do not have poor sleep quality, and vice versa-might show differences in subjective sleep and sleep perceptions and other characteristics that could impact their treatment outcomes following cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I). Objective: The purpose of this protocol is to describe the rationale and methods for a nonrandomized, single-arm trial assessing objective and subjective sleep quality in community-dwelling older adults aged 60-80 years with synchronous sleep patterns and sleep appraisal compared to those in older adults with asynchronous sleep patterns and sleep appraisal. The trial will further examine the role of cognitive, behavioral, and hyperarousal processes in mediating the treatment outcomes of web-based CBT-I. Methods: This trial aims to recruit a sample of 60 participants, who will be assigned to 1 of 4 sleep groups based on their sleep pattern and sleep appraisal status: complaining good sleepers, complaining poor sleepers, noncomplaining good sleepers, and noncomplaining poor sleepers, respectively. The trial will be completed in 2 phases: phase 1 will assess objective sleep (measured via wrist actigraphy) and subjective (self-reported) sleep. Phase 2 will investigate the impact of a web-based CBT-I program on the sleep outcomes of individuals with uncoupled sleep compared to that of individuals without uncoupled sleep, as well as the mediators of CBT-I. Results: Recruitment began in March 2020, and the last participants were recruited by March 2021. A total of 65 participants completed phases 1 and 2. Data analysis for phase 1 was finished in December 2021, and data analysis for phase 2 was finalized in July 2022. The results for phase 1 were submitted for publication in March 2022, and those for phase 2 will be submitted by the end of December 2022. Conclusions: This trial will provide guidance on factors that contribute to the variability of sleep in older adults and their sleep outcomes following CBT-I. The outcomes of this study could be valuable for future research attempting to tailor CBT-I to individual needs

Untersuchung zum Zuckerstoffwechsel der Wiederauferstehungspflanze <em>Craterostigma plantagineum </em>und einiger Lindernia-Arten

Die Wiederauferstehungspflanze C. plantagineum dient als Modellsystem zur Erforschung der molekularen Grundlagen der Trockentoleranz in höheren Pflanzen. Während der Eintrocknung wird im Blattgewebe die Hauptzuckerkomponente 2-D-glycero-D-ido-Oktulose (ca. 40% des Trockengewichtes) fast vollständig zu Saccharose metabolisiert. Während der Wiederbewässerung wird Saccharose wiederum in 2-D-glycero-D-ido-Oktulose umgewandelt. Die Hauptzuckerkomponente im Wurzelgewebe ist Stachyose. Im Wurzelgewebe der Pflanze ist keine Konvertierung von Saccharose in 2-D-glycero-D-ido-Oktulose zu beobachten. Die Synthese von 2-D-glycero-D-ido-Oktulose im Blattgewebe von C. plantagineum während der Wiederbewässerungsphase läuft über eine Transketolasereaktion mit Glukose-6-P als Akzeptorsubstrat. Transketolase konnte aus unbehandeltem und 28 h wiederbewässertem Blattgewebe von C. plantagineum isoliert werden. Obwohl 2D-PAGE-Untersuchungen keinen signifikanten Unterschied im Expressionsmuster von Transketolase zeigten, katalysiert nur aufgereinigte Transketolase aus 28 h wiederbewässertem Blattgewebe in vitro die Übertragung einer C2-Einheit auf Glukose-6-P. MALDI TOF-MS-Untersuchungen zeigten in allen Aufreinigungen von Transketolase Hinweise auf TKT3, eine Isoform von Transketolase. Das Protein ist in den Chloroplasten lokalisiert und wird konstitutiv expremiert. In Transketolaseaufreinigungen aus 28 h wiederbewässertem Blattgewebe wurde zusätzlich Hinweise auf TKT10, eine weitere Isoform, gefunden. Das Transkript tkt10 wird nur während der Wiederbewässerung induziert (Bernacchia et al., 1995). TKT10 scheint, im Gegensatz zu TKT3, im Cytosol lokalisiert zu sein, wo das Enzym an der Konvertierung von Saccharose in 2-D-glycero-D-ido-Oktulose beteiligt ist. Untersuchungen der Zuckerhaushalte von mit C. plantagineum verwandten Lindernia-Arten sowie Eintrocknungs- und Wiederbewässerungsexperimente zeigten, dass auch Lindernia brevidens, eine Bewohnerin subtropischer Regenwälder, trockentolerante Eigenschaften aufweist. Es konnte eine Korrelation zwischen der 2-D-glycero-D-ido-Oktulosekonzentration in unbehandeltem Blattgewebe, der Saccharosekonzentration im ausgetrockneten Blattgewebe und der Fähigkeit zur Trockentoleranz aufgezeigt werden. Von den getesteten Arten zeigten nur C. plantagineum und L. brevidens Trockentoleranz. Die beiden Arten wiesen im getrockneten Blattgewebe 400 mg/g DW (C. plantagineum) bzw. 180 mg/g DW (L. brevidens) Saccharose auf. Die nicht trockentolerante Art L. philcoxii besaß nur 17 mg/g DW des Disaccharides im getrockneten Blattgewebe