Remote sensing of inland waters: challenges, progress and future directions

Monitoring and understanding the physical, chemical and biological status of global inland waters are immensely important to scientists and policy makers alike. Whereas conventional monitoring approaches tend to be limited in terms of spatial coverage and temporal frequency, remote sensing has the potential to provide an invaluable complementary source of data at local to global scales. Furthermore, as sensors, methodologies, data availability and the network of researchers and engaged stakeholders in this field develop, increasingly widespread use of remote sensing for operational monitoring of inland waters can be envisaged. This special issue on Remote Sensing of Inland Waters comprises 16 articles on freshwater ecosystems around the world ranging from lakes and reservoirs to river systems using optical data from a range of in situ instruments as well as airborne and satellite platforms. The papers variably focus on the retrieval of in-water optical and biogeochemical parameters as well as information on the biophysical properties of shoreline and benthic vegetation. Methodological advances include refined approaches to adjacency correction, inversion-based retrieval models and in situ inherent optical property measurements in highly turbid waters. Remote sensing data are used to evaluate models and theories of environmental drivers of change in a number of different aquatic ecosystems. The range of contributions to the special issue highlights not only the sophistication of methods and the diversity of applications currently being developed, but also the growing international community active in this field. In this introductory paper we briefly highlight the progress that the community has made over recent decades as well as the challenges that remain. It is argued that the operational use of remote sensing for inland water monitoring is a realistic ambition if we can continue to build on these recent achievements.Output Type: Editoria

Lemmikud

Käesolev diplomitöö on kirjalik osa Kristel Kutseri loov-praktilisest lõputööst. See annab ülevaate kontserdist - kuidas töö autor on valinud lood kavasse ning mismoodi on nendega varasemalt tööd teinud.http://tartu.ester.ee/record=b2611208~S1*es

Eesti torupilli õpetamisel kasutatavad metoodikad algajatele

Eesti puudub torupilli õppematerjal, mistõttu on käesolev uurimistöö aluseks antud õppematerjali loomisele. Uurimistöö eesmärgiks on eesti torupilli õpetajate ja nende õpetamismetoodikate kaardistamine. Milliseid õpetamismetoodikaid kasutavad eesti torupilli õpetajad? Kas eesti torupilli õpetamismetoodikaid on mitmeid ning kas nendel on sarnasusi ja erinevusi? Milliseid sarnasusi ja erinevusi leidub teiste riikide torupilli õpetamismetoodikates võrreldes eesti torupilli õpetamismetoodikatega? Töö koosneb neljast peatükist. Esimeses peatükis kirjutan metoodika ja meetodi mõistetest, pärimusmuusikast, pärimuslikust pillimängust, torupilli ajaloolisest sünnist ja torupilli ajaloost Eestis. Toon välja andmed torupilli õppimisvõimalustest Eestis ja osades Euroopa riikides. Analüüsin võõrkeelsete torupilliõpikute õppepeatükke. Teises peatükis kirjeldatakse uurimistöö metoodikat ja käiku. Sihtrühmaks kujunes seitse Eesti haridusasutustes töötavat või töötanud eesti torupilli õpetajat, kellega viidi läbi intervjuud. Kolmandas peatükis toon välja intervjuude tulemused ning võrdleva analüüsi eesti torupilli õpetamismetoodikatest. Õpetajad on väga loomingulised ning mõtlevad harjutusi ise välja. Nende õpetamismetoodikad kanduvad edasi mittekirjalikul teel. Seetõttu on näha põlvkonniti sarnaseid ja erinevaid õpetamismetoodikaid. Sarnased on surve ja tooni hoiu ning sõrmetehnika harjutused. Erinevus tuleb välja tooni hoidmise põhimõttes, kus vanem põlvkond õpetab tooni hoidma burdooniga ja noorem põlvkond ilma. Neljandas peatükis võrdlen eesti torupilli õpetamismetoodikaid Iiri ja Šoti torupilliõpikute metoodiliste peatükkidega. Sarnasused on rohkem kehahoiu kasutamises, burdoonide häälestamises, harjutamise põhimõtetes ning lihtsamate lugudega alustamise eelistes. Erinevused on sõrmede asetuses sõrmilisele, sõrmilise skaalas ja noodieraldamise harjutustes. Torupilli õpetamismetoodikaid tuleks põhjalikumalt edasi uurida algharjutuste kohapealt ning sellest koostada eesti torupilli õppematerjal, mida saaksid kasutada nii õpetajad, õpilased kui ka huvilised torupillimängijad.http://www.ester.ee/record=b4414202~S1*es

Les équivalents du passif français en estonien dans un corpus de traduction

Töö koosneb 2 failist, põhiosast ja korpusesthttp://tartu.ester.ee/record=b2693738~S

Contrasting seasonality in optical-biogeochemical properties of the Baltic Sea

Optical-biogeochemical relationships of particulate and dissolved organic matter are presented in support of remote sensing of the Baltic Sea pelagic. This system exhibits strong seasonality in phytoplankton community composition and wide gradients of chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM), properties which are poorly handled by existing remote sensing algorithms. Absorption and scattering properties of particulate matter reflected the seasonality in biological (phytoplankton succession) and physical (thermal stratification) processes. Inherent optical properties showed much wider variability when normalized to the chlorophyll-a concentration compared to normalization to either total suspended matter dry weight or particulate organic carbon. The particle population had the largest optical variability in summer and was dominated by organic matter in both seasons. The geographic variability of CDOM and relationships with dissolved organic carbon (DOC) are also presented. CDOM dominated light absorption at blue wavelengths, contributing 81% (median) of the absorption by all water constituents at 400 nm and 63% at 442 nm. Consequentially, 90% of water-leaving radiance at 412 nm originated from a layer (z90) no deeper than approximately 1.0 m. With water increasingly attenuating light at longer wavelengths, a green peak in light penetration and reflectance is always present in these waters, with z90 up to 3.0–3.5 m depth, whereas z90 only exceeds 5 m at biomass < 5 mg Chla m-3. High absorption combined with a weakly scattering particle population (despite median phytoplankton biomass of 14.1 and 4.3 mg Chla m-3 in spring and summer samples, respectively), characterize this sea as a dark water body for which dedicated or exceptionally robust remote sensing techniques are required. Seasonal and regional optical-biogeochemical models, data distributions, and an extensive set of simulated remote-sensing reflectance spectra for testing of remote sensing algorithms are provided as supplementary data

Report on the checklist for maintaining contact with individuals taking family breaks

The report compiles a checklist that will help to maintain contacts with the individuals taking family breaks and for employees returning to regular working conditions afterwards. Binding procedures will be recommended to guarantee a successful career continuation with continuous institutional support

Remote sensing of inland waters: Challenges, progress and future directions

Monitoring and understanding the physical, chemical and biological status of global inland waters are immensely important to scientists and policy makers alike.Whereas conventional monitoring approaches tend to be limited in terms of spatial coverage and temporal frequency, remote sensing has the potential to provide an invaluable complementary source of data at local to global scales. Furthermore, as sensors,methodologies, data availability and the network of researchers and engaged stakeholders in this field develop, increasingly widespread use of remote sensing for operational monitoring of inland waters can be envisaged. This special issue on Remote Sensing of Inland Waters comprises 16 articles on freshwater ecosystems around the world ranging from lakes and reservoirs to river systems using optical data from a range of in situ instruments as well as airborne and satellite platforms. The papers variably focus on the retrieval of in-water optical and biogeochemical parameters as well as information on the biophysical properties of shoreline and benthic vegetation.Methodological advances include refined approaches to adjacency correction, inversion-based retrieval models and in situ inherent optical property measurements in highly turbid waters. Remote sensing data are used to evaluate models and theories of environmental drivers of change in a number of different aquatic ecosystems. The range of contributions to the special issue highlights not only the sophistication of methods and the diversity of applications currently being developed, but also the growing international community active in this field. In this introductory paper we briefly highlight the progress that the community has made over recent decades as well as the challenges that remain. It is argued that the operational use of remote sensing for inland water monitoring is a realistic ambition if we can continue to build on these recent achievements

Influence of vertical distribution of phytoplankton on remote sensing signal of Case II waters : southern Caspian Sea case study

Reliable monitoring of coastal waters is not possible without using remote sensing data. On the other hand, it is quite difficult to develop remote sensing algorithms that allow one to retrieve water characteristics (like chlorophyll-a concentration) in optically complex coastal and inland waters (called also Case II waters) as the concentrations of optically active substances (phytoplankton, suspended matter, and colored dissolved organic matter) vary independently from each other and the range of variability is often high. Another problem related to developing remote sensing algorithms for retrieving concentrations of optically active substances in such complex waters is vertical distribution of these substances. For example, phytoplankton distribution in the water column is often characterized with maxima just below the surface mixed layer, and some phytoplankton species even have the capability to migrate in the water column and tend to form layers at depths optimal for their growth. Twenty-three field campaigns were performed during the spring-summer period in the coastal waters of the southern Caspian Sea where vertical distribution of phytoplankton was measured by means of chlorophyll-a fluorometer. There results showed that there is usually a chlorophyll-a maximum between 10 and 20 m where the concentration is about one order of magnitude higher than in the top mixed layer. The Hydrolight 5.0 radiative transfer model used to estimate if the vertical distribution of biomass have detectable impact on remote sensing signal in these waters. For that purpose, several stations with distinctly different chlorophyll-a profiles were selected and two simulations for each of those measuring stations was carried out. First the Hydrolight was run with the actual chlorophyll-a vertical distribution profile and second a constant chlorophyll-a value (taken as an average of measured chlorophyll-a in the surface layer) was used in the model simulation. The modelling results show that the “deep” chlorophyll maximum has negligible effect on the remote sensing reflectance spectra. Consequently, there is no need to take into account the vertical distribution of phytoplankton while developing remote sensing algorithms for the Caspian Sea coastal water