Slowed response to peripheral visual stimuli during strenuous exercise

Recently, we proposed that strenuous exercise impairs peripheral visual perception because visual responses to peripheral visual stimuli were slowed during strenuous exercise. However, this proposal was challenged because strenuous exercise is also likely to affect the brain network underlying motor responses. The purpose of the current study was to resolve this issue. Fourteen participants performed a visual reaction-time (RT) task at rest and while exercising at 50% (moderate) and 75% (strenuous) peak oxygen uptake. Visual stimuli were randomly presented at different distances from fixation in two task conditions: the Central condition (2° or 5° from fixation) and the Peripheral condition (30° or 50° from fixation). We defined premotor time as the time between stimulus onset and the motor response, as determined using electromyographic recordings. In the Central condition, premotor time did not change during moderate (167 ± 19 ms) and strenuous (168 ± 24 ms) exercise from that at rest (164 ± 17 ms). In the Peripheral condition, premotor time significantly increased during moderate (181 ± 18 ms, P < 0.05) and strenuous exercise (189 ± 23 ms, P < 0.001) from that at rest (173 ± 17 ms). These results suggest that increases in Premotor Time to the peripheral visual stimuli did not result from an impaired motor-response network, but rather from impaired peripheral visual perception. We conclude that slowed response to peripheral visual stimuli during strenuous exercise primarily results from impaired visual perception of the periphery

Production rate of Morus Alba pollen grains in an abandoned M. Alba plantation

As a basic study for pollen analysis, the production rate of Morus alba (white mulberry) pollen grains in an abandoned M. alba plantation was determined over a three-year period from 1997 to 1999. The number of pollen grains per male catkin was assessed and the fall rate of male catkins was measured using five litter traps. The mean production rate was 2.6 × 10^ grains ha^yr^ (range = 2.2-3.4 × 10^ grains ha^yr^). This is near the lower end of the range of pollen production rates that have been obtained from many other tree species across several forests.Kiel fundamenta studado por polen-analizo, polenera produktaĵo por jaro de morsarbo, Morus alba en forlasita M. alba plantejo estis determinita dum tri-jara periodo de 1997 ĝis 1999. La nombro de poleneroj por vira infloresko estis esplorita, kai la defalonombro por jaro de vira infloreskoj estis mezrita, uzante kvin rubajn kaptilojn, t.e. sakojn por ricevi defalintajn infloreskojn. La meza produktaĵ-rilatumo de poleneroj estis 2.6 × 10^ eroj hektaro^ jaro^ (amplekso estis 2.2-3.4 × 10^ eroj hektaro^ jaro^). Ĉi tiu estas apud malalta fino de amplekso de polena produktaĵo, kio estis akirita por multaj aliaj arbospecioj el kelkaj arbaroj

Adjustable automation and manoeuvre control in automated driving

Current implementations of automated driving rely on the driver to monitor the vehicle and be ready to assume control in situations that the automation cannot successfully manage. However, research has shown that drivers are not able to monitor an automated vehicle for longer periods of time, as the monotonous monitoring task leads to attention reallocation or fatigue. Driver involvement in the automated driving task promises to counter this effect. The authors researched how the implementation of a haptic human–vehicle interface, which allows the driver to adjust driving parameters and initiate manoeuvres, influences the subjective experience of drivers in automated vehicles. In a simulator study, they varied the level of control that drivers have over the vehicle, between manual driving, automated driving without the possibility to adjust the automation, as well as automated driving with the possibility to initiate manoeuvres and adjust driving parameters of the vehicle. Results show that drivers have a higher level of perceived control and perceived level of responsibility when they have the ability to interact with the automated vehicle through the haptic interface. The authors conclude that the possibility to interact with automated vehicles can be beneficial for driver experience and safety

Seven Decades of Family Courts in the Japanese Legal System: A News Reporter's View

令和元年11月16日（土）に，第13回広島大学ホームカミングデー企画（法科大学院講演会）「司法・報道の立場から見た家庭裁判所70年」として，東千田キャンパスＡ棟において，NHK解説委員の清永聡氏を講師に迎え，講演会を開催しました。 本稿は，当日のテープ録音をもとに，その概要を報告するものです。（講演後に引き続き行われたフロアとの質疑応答については，紙幅の関係上，省略させていただきました。

How Nursery Teachers Understand and Respond to Infants’ Cry? : An Observational Study in a Nursery School

　本研究では，０歳児クラスにおける保育実践場面の観察事例から，乳児の「泣き」の実態と「泣き」に対する保育士の理解と対応について検討した。収集した 事例をもとに「泣き」が生じた背景について検討したところ，５種類に分類された。生理的状態や他者との関係を含む心理的状態，時間帯等によって「泣き」が生じていることがわかった。保育士は，「泣き」を生じさせた負の心情を全面的に受け止めて共感するとともに，正の心情への改善に努めることが子どもと信頼関係を築く機会にもなっていると捉えていた。さらに，信頼関係が深まってくると負の心理的状態を子ども自身が主体的に制御しようとする姿が見られるようになることに加えて，「泣き」の質の変容が認められることが明らかになった

Angular distributions of H-induced HD and D2 desorptions from the Si(100) surfaces

We measured angular distributions of HD and D2 molecules desorbed via the reactions H+D/Si 100 →HD abstraction ABS and H+D/Si 100 →D2 adsorption-induced-desorption AID , respectively. It was found that the angular distribution of HD molecules desorbed alongABS is broader than that of D2 molecules desorbed along AID, i.e., the former could be fit withcos2.0±0.2 , while the latter with cos5.0±0.5 . This difference of the angular distributions between thetwo reaction paths suggests that their dynamic mechanisms are different. The observed cos2 distribution for the ABS reaction was reproduced by the classical trajectory calculations over theLondon-Eyring-Polanyi-Sato potential-energy surfaces. The simulation suggests that the HDdesorption along the ABS path takes place along the direction of Si–D bonds, but the apparentangular distribution is comprised of multiple components reflecting the different orientations ofD-occupied Si dimers in the 2 1 and 1 2 double domain structures

Modulated hydrogen beam study of adsorption-induced desorption of deuterium from Si(100)-3×1:D surfaces

We have studied the kinetic mechanism of the adsorption-induced-desorption (AID) reaction, H + D/Si(100)D2. Using a modulated atomic hydrogen beam, two different types of AID reaction are revealed: one is the fast AID reaction occurring only at the beam on-cycles and the other the slow AID reaction occurring even at the beam off-cycles. Both the fast and slow AID reactions show the different dependence on surface temperature Ts, suggesting that their kinetic mechanisms are different. The fast AID reaction overwhelms the slow one in the desorption yield for 300 KTs650 K. It proceeds along a first-order kinetics with respect to the incident H flux. Based on the experimental results, both two AID reactions are suggested to occur only on the 3×1 dihydride phase accumulated during surface exposure to H atoms. Possible mechanisms for the AID reactions are discussed

ミュティレネ ノ センシュ ト チョウテイシャ

論説(Article