Microbial redox cycling of iron in Lake Grosse Fuchskuhle

Peatlands constitute >3% of the Earth’s terrestrial area but store approximately one third of global soil organic carbon. Although peatlands act as sinks for atmospheric carbon, they are net emitters of greenhouse gasses, like CH4 and N2O, into the atmosphere. Hence, most of the studies conducted on peatlands focused on methanogenesis and the role of environmental factors influencing this process and very few studies focused on other electron-accepting processes. Recent studies have shown indications that Fe(III) reduction could be playing an important role in the mineralization of organic carbon in mildly acidic peat bogs. However, this process in peatlands has not been well investigated. In the first part of the work the role of Fe(III) reduction and methanogenesis as electron-accepting processes was investigated. Unlike the earlier hypothesis of sequential reduction of electron acceptors according to their redox potentials in sediments, a simultaneous reduction of Fe(III) and methanogenesis was observed in the sediment of Lake Grosse Fuchskuhle. Quantitative comparison of these processes showed that Fe(III) reduction is the dominant organic matter mineralization process compared to methanogenesis during the course of the incubations. After an initial Fe(III) reduction a fluctuating Fe(II) concentration was observed during the course of our incubation indicating a continuous anaerobic Fe(II) oxidation and reduction in this sediment. Following the above results, the second part of the work focused on identifying, enriching and characterizing microorganisms involved in anaerobic nitrate-dependent Fe(II) oxidation. These investigations indicated the chemolithotrophic nitrate-dependent Fe(II)-oxidizing nature of TM3 Actinobacteria and that these organisms could be involved in mediating anaerobic oxidation of Fe(II) in the sediment. Previous culture-independent studies had shown a widespread distribution of these Actinobacteria in natural environments and were hypothesized to be contributing to ecologically important processes; however, the physiological capabilities of these microorganisms remained unknown. To the best of our knowledge this is the first study to show the autotrophic nitrate-dependent Fe(II)-oxidizing nature of TM3 group of uncultured Actinobacteria. The third part of the thesis deals with the role of humic substances in abiotic and microbial Fe(II) oxidation. Despite the fact that Fe(II) is predominantly present in natural environments as chelated to humic substances, the role of humic substances in mediating Fe(II) oxidation has not been elucidated. Our findings indicate that the presence of humic substances could be beneficial for microorganisms oxidizing Fe(II) due to reduced abiotic Fe(II) oxidation and also possibly due to an increased energy yield caused by a lowering of the redox potential of chelated Fe(II) compared to free Fe(II). Estimations of nitrate-dependent Fe(II)-oxidizing microorganisms from Lake Grosse Fuchskuhle sediment using a cultivation-based approach showed a two-order of magnitude higher number of chemolithotrophic nitrate-dependent Fe(II)-oxidizing microorganisms when including humic substances in the growth medium. The incubations of sediment under chemolithotrophic nitrate-dependent Fe(II)-oxidizing conditions showed the enrichment of microorganisms belonging to the genus Thiomonas. Further characterization of these enrichments provided preliminary evidence of a chemolithotrophic nitrate-dependent Fe(II)-oxidizing capability of these Thiomonas strains. Lastly, Thiomonas arsenivorans strain 3As was tested for chemolithoautotrophic nitrate-dependent Fe(II) oxidation since the presence of all the genes required for mediating this physiological process were identified in the genome. These assays were performed both in the presence and absence of humic substances. A stoichiometric consumption of Fe(II) and nitrate consistent with nitrate-dependent Fe(II) oxidation was observed in the presence of humic substances under autotrophic growth conditions. In contrast, no Fe(II) oxidation either under autotrophic or heterotrophic conditions was observed in the absence of humic substances, indicating the importance of humic substances in mediating nitrate-dependent Fe(II) oxidation. To the best of our knowledge this is the first study to show a chemolithotrophic nitrate-dependent Fe(II)-oxidizing physiology in a bacterial pure culture. Furthermore, the findings of the study indicate that humic substances are beneficial for microbial Fe(II) oxidation

Oral Manifestations of Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin) Deficiency: A Review

Vitamin B12, also known as cobalamin is a water soluble vitamin. It is critical for normal functioning of the red blood cell formation and nervous system. It is a complex vitamin and it’s deficiency is known to be one of the commonest deficiency in Indian population particularly in elderly and in vegans as it requires castles intrinsic factor released by parietal cells in the stomach for its absorption.  Vitamin B12 deficiency may also result from pernicious anemia, gastrectomy & intestinal malabsorption. It is often overlooked and may cause several oral, haematological, gastrointestinal, psychiatric and neurological manifestations. As it affects the oral mucosal tissues, early diagnosis of the manifestations may aid in diagnosing the underlying cause even before haematological examination. Hence, oral physicians should be vigilant enough to identify signs or symptoms of suspected vitamin deficiency in populations at risk. Early diagnosis is crucial for starting replacement therapy to avoid irreversible neurological damage. This article reviews the various oral manifestations of vitamin B12 deficiency and its management

Finite Element Analysis and Its Applications in Dentistry

Finite Element Analysis or Finite Element Method is based on the principle of dividing a structure into a finite number of small elements. It is a sophisticated engineering tool, which has been used extensively in design optimization and structural analysis first originated in the aerospace industry to study stress in complex airframe structures. This method is a way of getting a numerical solution to a specific problem, used to analyze stresses and strains in complex mechanical systems. It enables the mathematical conversion and analysis of mechanical properties of a geometric object with wide range of applications in dental and oral health science. It is useful for specifying predominantly the mechanical aspects of biomaterials and human tissues that cannot be measured in vivo. It has various advantages, can be compared with studies on real models, and the tests are repeatable, with accuracy and without ethical concerns

Differential Effect of Cholesterol and Its Biosynthetic Precursors on Membrane Dipole Potential

AbstractDipole potential is the potential difference within the membrane bilayer, which originates due to the nonrandom arrangement of lipid dipoles and water molecules at the membrane interface. Cholesterol, a representative sterol in higher eukaryotic membranes, is known to increase membrane dipole potential. In this work, we explored the effects of immediate (7-DHC and desmosterol) and evolutionary (ergosterol) precursors of cholesterol on membrane dipole potential, monitored by the dual wavelength ratiometric approach utilizing the probe di-8-ANEPPS. Our results show that the effect of these precursors on membrane dipole potential is very different from that observed with cholesterol, although the structural differences among them are subtle. These results assume relevance, since accumulation of cholesterol precursors due to defective cholesterol biosynthesis has been reported to result in several inherited metabolic disorders such as the Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome. Interestingly, cholesterol (and its precursors) has a negligible effect on dipole potential in polyunsaturated membranes. We interpret these results in terms of noncanonical orientation of cholesterol in these membranes. Our results constitute the first report on the effect of biosynthetic and evolutionary precursors of cholesterol on dipole potential, and imply that a subtle change in sterol structure can significantly alter the dipolar field at the membrane interface

Highly sensitive and ultra-fast responsive ammonia gas sensor based on 2D ZnO nanoflakes

Detecting ammonia in ambient air with high sensitivity and ultra-fast responsivity is crucial given its implications on human health. The response of such sensors should also be reversible to use them for continuous monitoring. Herein, we report a reversible ammonia (NH3) sensor based on 2D ZnO nanoflakes at 250 °C. The sensor exhibited a maximum response of 80% and sub-15 s response and recovery times upon exposure of 0.6–3 ppm NH3. Further, we formulated and corrected the baseline drift with a simple and straightforward baseline manipulation method. The excellent response of the sensor indicates the feasibility of using it in diverse applications where high sensitivity and rapid response are crucial. © 202

Facile synthesis of metal-free organic dyes featuring a thienylethynyl spacer for dye sensitized solar cells

In this article, we report the facile synthesis of metal-free dyes 6 and 7, their solution-based optical and redox properties and their use as sensitizers in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). Our studies indicate that the addition of the second thiophene unit in dye 7, decreases the oxidation and reduction potential and consequently the band gap of the molecule compared to 6. Furthermore, increasing the length of the conjugated spacer also affects on the properties of the DSSCs, with dye 7 providing a higher power conversion efficiency compared to 6 (η = 4.49 versus 3.23%)

Dodecanacci superconductor-metamaterial photonic quasicrystal

Using the transfer matrix method, the present paper attempt to determine the properties of the photonic spectra of the Dodecanacci superconductor-metamaterial one-dimensional quasiperiodic multilayer. The numerical calculation is supported by using the transfer matrix method. At first, we analyze the transmission for Dodecanacci quasicrystal for different generations. After that, we analyze the effect of the thickness of the building blocks and the operating temperature. We observed that a vast number of forbidden bandgaps and transmission pecks are developed in its transmission spectra up to a certain generation number of Dodecanacci quasiperiodic sequence. If the generation number increases further, then the bandgaps become wider. According to the obtained results, depending on its generation, this structure can be used as an optical reflector or narrowband filter

Photophysical Properties of 4-(Dicyanomethylene)-2-Methyl-6-(4-Dimethylaminostyryl)-4<em>H</em>-Pyran (DCM) and Optical Sensing Applications

4-(Dicyanomethylene)-2-methyl-6-(4-dimethylaminostyryl)-4H-pyran (DCM) is, commonly known as red dye, an electron donor-acceptor molecule that exhibits very interesting photophysical properties such as high molar absorption coefficients, tunable electronic absorption and fluorescence emission energies, and high fluorescence quantum yields. Several DCM analogous have been synthesized and explored for various practical applications that include solid-state lasers, organic light-emitting diode (OLED), fluorescent sensors, logic gates, photovoltaics, nonlinear optics (NLO), and bioimaging of cells. In recent years, a significant amount of research work has been devoted for developing optical sensors based on DCM dye for detection of various guest analytes. The first part of this book chapter describes comprehensive photophysical properties of the DCM dye which include the results of steady-state and time-resolved absorption and fluorescence studies. The second part of the book chapter summarizes the recent developments of DCM-based optical sensors that exhibit colorimetric, ratiometric, and fluorosensing towards selective detection of metal cations, anions, and neutral species

Recent Progress of Electrocatalysts and Photocatalysts Bearing First Row Transition Metal for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction (HER)

The design and modification of metal–organic complexes for hydrogen (H2) gas production by water splitting have been intensively investigated over the recent decades. In most reported mechanistic pathways, metal hydride species are considered as crucial intermediates for H2 formation where the metal present at the active site plays an imperative role in the transfer of electron and proton. In the last few decades, much consideration has been done on the development of non-precious metal–organic catalysts that use solar energy to split water into hydrogen (H2) and oxygen (O2) as alternative fossil fuels. This review discussed the design, fabrication, and evaluation of the catalysts for electrocatalytic and photocatalytic hydrogen production. Mechanistic approach is addressed here in order to understand the fundamental design principle and structural properties relationship of electrocatalysts and photocatalysts. Finally, we discuss some challenges and opportunities of research in the near future in this promising area