748 research outputs found

    The Pathways of Double-Strand Break Repair

    Get PDF

    Impact of Manganese and Chromate on Specific DNA Double-Strand Break Repair Pathways

    Get PDF
    Manganese is an essential trace element; nevertheless, on conditions of overload, it becomes toxic, with neurotoxicity being the main concern. Chromate is a well-known human carcinogen. The underlying mechanisms seem to be oxidative stress as well as direct DNA damage in the case of chromate, but also interactions with DNA repair systems in both cases. However, the impact of manganese and chromate on DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair pathways is largely unknown. In the present study, we examined the induction of DSB as well as the effect on specific DNA DSB repair mechanisms, namely homologous recombination (HR), non-homologous end joining (NHEJ), single strand annealing (SSA), and microhomology-mediated end joining (MMEJ). We applied DSB repair pathway-specific reporter cell lines, pulsed field gel electrophoresis as well as gene expression analysis, and investigated the binding of specific DNA repair proteins via immunoflourescence. While manganese did not seem to induce DNA DSB and had no impact on NHEJ and MMEJ, HR and SSA were inhibited. In the case of chromate, the induction of DSB was further supported. Regarding DSB repair, no inhibition was seen in the case of NHEJ and SSA, but HR was diminished and MMEJ was activated in a pronounced manner. The results indicate a specific inhibition of error-free HR by manganese and chromate, with a shift towards error-prone DSB repair mechanisms in both cases. These observations suggest the induction of genomic instability and may explain the microsatellite instability involved in chromate-induced carcinogenicity

    Improvements to GeoQA, a Question Answering system for Geospatial Questions

    Get PDF
    Η παρούσα εργασία αποτελεί μια προσπάθεια για συγκέντρωση, μελέτη και σύγκριση συστημάτων απάντησης ερωτήσεων όπως τα QUINT, TEMPO και NEQA και του σκελετού συστημάτων απάντησης ερωτήσεων Frankenstein. Η μελέτη επικεντρώνεται στην απάντηση ερωτήσεων σε γεωχωρικά δεδομένα και πιο στο σύστημα GeoQA. Το σύστημα αυτό έχει προταθεί πρόσφατα και ειναι το πρώτο σύστημα απάντησης ερωτήσεων πάνω σε συνδεδεμένα γεωχωρικά δεδομένα βασιζόμενο σε πρότυπα. Βελτιώνουμε το παραπάνω σύστημα χρησιμοποιώντας τα δεδομένα για το σχήμα των βάσεων γνώσης του, προσθέτοντας πρότυπα για πιο σύνθετες ερωτήσεις και αναπτύσσοντας το υποσύστημα για την επεξεργασία φυσικής γλώσσας.We study the question-answering GeoQA which was proposed recently. GeoQA is the first template-based question answering system for linked geospatial data. We improve this system by exploiting the data schema information of the kb’s it’s using, adding more templates for more complex queries and by improving the natural language processing module in order to recognize the patterns. The current work is also an attempt to concentrate, study and compare some other question-answering systems like QUINT, Qanary methodology and Frankenstein framework for question answering systems

    Geospatial Query Answering Using Knowledge Graph Embeddings

    Get PDF
    Τα γραφήματα γεωχωρικής γνώσης πάσχουν από ελλιπή στοιχεία, τα οποία οφείλονται στις όχι πάντα αξιόπιστες πηγές δεδομένων. Αυτό επηρεάζει δραματικά τα αποτελέσματα της απάντησης γεωχωρικών ερωτημάτων με τις παραδοσιακές τεχνικές που χρησιμοποιούν τυποποιημένες γλώσσες ερωτημάτων όπως η stSPARQL ή η GeoSPARQL. Τα μοντέλα που βασίζονται στην ενσωμάτωση προβάλλουν τις οντότητες και τις σχέσεις του ερωτήματος που τίθεται στον συνεχή διανυσματικό χώρο, προβλέποντας, με αυτόν τον τρόπο, τις απαντήσεις στο ερώτημα που τίθεται. Ως εκ τούτου, μπορούν να χειριστούν ερωτήματα για τα οποία τα δεδομένα που απαιτούνται για την απάντησή τους δεν δηλώνονται ρητά στον γράφο γνώσης. Στην παρούσα ερευνητική εργασία, αναπτύξαμε το μοντέλο απάντησης γεωχωρικών ερωτημάτων με βάση την ενσωμάτωση, SQABo, το οποίο κωδικοποιεί τα γεωχωρικά ερωτήματα ως κουτιά στον χώρο ενσωμάτωσης και επιστρέφει τις απαντήσεις εντός του κουτιού. Δείχνουμε ότι αυτή η προσέγγιση έχει καλύτερες επιδόσεις από τις υπάρχουσες εργασίες στη βιβλιογραφία, οι οποίες κωδικοποιούν τα ερωτήματα ως σημεία στο διανυσματικό χώρο. Επιπλέον, διαθέτουμε ελεύθερα στην ερευνητική κοινότητα ένα σύνολο δεδομένων για την απάντηση ερωτημάτων για το YAGO2geo, έναν από τους πλουσιότερους και ακριβέστερους γράφους γεωχωρικής γνώσης, για μελλοντική έρευνα.Geospatial knowledge graphs suffer from incompleteness which is due to the not-alwaysreliable data sources. This dramatically affects the results of geospatial query answering with traditional techniques which use standard query languages like stSPARQL or GeoSPARQL.An alternative method for query answering is by using KG embeddings. Embedding-based models project entities and relations of the posed query onto the continuous vector space, predicting, this way, the answers to the posed query. Hence, they can handle queries for which the data required for their answering is not explicitly stated in the knowledge graph. In this research work, we have developed the embedding-based geospatial query answering model, SQABo, which encodes the geospatial queries as boxes into the embedding space and returns the answers inside the box. We show that this approach performs better than existing work in the literature, which encodes the queries as points in the vector space. Additionally, we make freely available a query-answering dataset for YAGO2geo, one of the richest and most precise geospatial knowledge graphs, to the research community for future research

    Breaks invisible to the DNA damage response machinery accumulate in ATM-deficient cells

    Get PDF
    Altres ajuts: Fundació La Marató, Grant number TV32005-050110After irradiation, ATM defective cells accumulate unrepaired double strand breaks (DSBs) for several cell divisions. At the chromosome level, unresolved DSBs appear as chromosome breaks that can be efficiently scored by using telomeric and mFISH probes. H2AX is immediately activated by ATM in response to DNA damage and its phosphorylated form, γH2AX, flanks the DSB through several megabases. The γH2AX-labeling status of broken chromosome ends was analyzed in AT cells to check whether the DNA damage response was accurately taking place in these persistent DSBs. The results show that one quarter of the scored breaks are devoid of γH2AX foci in metaphase spreads from ATM-deficient cells, and this fraction is significantly higher than in normal cells (χ2 < 0.05). Accumulation of sensor and repair proteins at damaged sites is a key event in the cellular response to DSBs, so MRE11 labeling at broken ends was also analyzed. While all γH2AX foci scored at visible broken ends colocalize with MRE11 foci, all γH2AX-unlabeled breaks are also devoid of MRE11-labeling. The present results suggest that a significant subset of the AT long-lived DSBs may persist as " invisible" DSBs due to deficient detection by the DNA damage repair machinery. Eventually the properly signaled DSBs will be repaired while invisible breaks may indefinitely accumulate; most probably contributing to the AT cells' well known genomic instability
    corecore