Acts of Belonging: Perceptions of Citizenship Among Queer Turkish Women in Germany

This thesis examines how people who have multiple identifications develop a sense of belonging. It focuses on those with politicized, romanticized, and stigmatized identifications which are assumed to be in conflict with one another. My particular case is that of queer women of Turkish descent in Germany with Berlin as my main study site. These people embody what is considered to be an oxymoron: being queer yet also Turkish, being a lesbian yet having a Muslim background, being of immigrant origin yet also German. In short, they are between all worlds and thus, seemingly, do not belong anywhere. Their ambiguous position allows my thesis to offer a critique of mainstream ideas about cohesion and social capital, noting that in this case, cohesion is not needed for my informants to develop a sense of belonging. From here, it develops the concept of what I call acts of belonging. This concept directs our attention away from the question of where belonging happens to the question of how: how do migrants belong to contexts, communities, societies to which the mainstream does not consider them to belong?What relieves them from the burdens their conflicting identifications might otherwise cause? Acts of belonging are the tools, the means, through which they relieve this anxiety, even momentarily, and satisfy their individual need for belonging. Acts of belonging also points at the ways in which legal acceptance, in the form of citizenship or naturalization, differs from lived experiences of belonging. Finally, these acts reveal the ways in which people engage with diversity in various ways which are not always obvious to the reveal the ways in which people By looking simultaneously at psycho-social and emotional factors on the one hand and sexuality on the other, my research bridges various gaps in the literatures of queer studies, migration and citizenship, and social psychology. My work presents an alternative way to look through the lens of belonging at the relationship between cohesion and conflict

Compositional and Functional Characteristics of Materials Recovered from Headed Gutted Silver Carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) By Isoelectric Solubilization and Precipitation Using Organic Acids

Silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) is one of the main freshwater fish species with a high nutritional value; however, it is hard to process the fish due to its boney carcass. Therefore, isoelectric solubilization and precipitation (ISP) processing was applied to headed gutted silver carp to separate the protein from the bones, scales, skin, fins, etc. Different solubilization strategies (pH 2.5, 3.0. 11.5 and 12.0) using organic acids, either acetic acid (AA) or a 30% formic and lactic acid combination (F&L), were applied during ISP and the different effects of treatments on the materials recovered from the initial silver carp were compared. The recovered carp proteins were then used to make protein gels similar to surimi with the use of standard food additives. To further assess the effect of using different solubilization pH values and organic acids on the protein quality of the recovered fractions, the functional, texture and color properties were analyzed.;Proximate composition of the recovered proteins showed that processing at basic pH using AA was most effective at removing impurities (i.e. bones, scales, skin, fins) (p\u3c0.05) and the impurities were effectively removed from recovered lipids regardless of processing pH or acid type. Functional properties of gels made from protein recovered by ISP processing using organic acids as the processing acid had typical gelation characteristics. Moreover, it was seen that isoelectrically recovered carp proteins were not denatured and retained functionality. Thermal denaturation and dynamic rheology of the protein gels revealed that using AA under acidic conditions and F&L with alkali treatments yielded improved gel structure. In addition to that, color analysis presented data showing that gels made using F&L were whiter for all solubilization conditions (p\u3c0.05) and were similar to the whiteness of Alaska Pollock surimi gels under acidic treatments. Texture analyses highlighted that gels made from protein solubilized at basic pH values had firmer texture (p\u3c0.05) and were harder and more cohesive, gummy and chewy (p\u3c0.05) than proteins solubilized under acidic conditions. Moreover, gels made from proteins recovered using AA as the processing acid under basic conditions had similar shear stress responses as Alaska Pollock surimi.;This research shows that organic acids have the potential to recover protein and lipid from otherwise hard to process fish by ISP processing. The gels made from recovered carp protein show similar or improved functional, texture and color properties compared to Alaska Pollock surimi depending on the treatment and might be used for the development of restructured fish products for human consumption

Calcium Enhanced Protein Recovery from Underutilized Aquatic Resources and Optimizing Protein Gelation Strategies Using Functional Ingredients

Utilization of aquatic resources has rapidly gained importance. Traditional fish processing does not utilize the majority of the fish, thus generating large quantities of waste that impacts the economy, sustainability and environmental stress adversely. Protein can be extracted from underutilized sources such as silver carp and catfish using a pH shift processing method and incorporated into the human diet. Therefore, myofibrillar proteins were extracted from ground fish using different alkali solubilization and precipitation strategies. The efficacy of protein separation from lipids, and insoluble such as skin, fins, scales and bones were investigated and compared. Protein and lipid recovery yields were calculated to determine the economic feasibility of the procedure by calculating the amount of material recovered out of the available protein or lipids present in the initial material. Mineral content of the recovered protein was analyzed and compared to the initial fish and Alaska Pollock surimi.;Although every factor such as solubilization pH, base, and acid as well as their interactions had a significant effect on the results, effect of processing base was more evident for protein separation. Protein solubility was significantly increased (p\u3c0.05) when calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) was used compared to sodium hydroxide (NaOH). Therefore, protein concentration was also greater (p\u3c0.05) with lower amount of impurities such as lipids and ash when Ca(OH)2 was used as the processing base compared to NaOH at every solubilization pH (11.0, 11.5, 12.0, 12.3) tested in this study.;The recovered protein was then made into protein gels in order to investigate gelation conditions. Fish muscle protein mainly consisting of myosin and actin cross-link and form a gel network upon heating. Yet, the efficiency of gel setting period that allows for the crosslinking to take place depends on a variety of factors mainly impacted by time and temperature. Protein gel texture and color is also affected by post cooking storage. Therefore, widely applied pre-cooking gelation time and temperature strategies, and post-cooking period on texture and color of final protein gels was investigated. Four most commonly applied pre-cooking gelation strategies (no-setting time, 30 min at 25°C, 1 h at 40°C, or 24 h at 4°C) were applied to protein pastes (fish protein concentrate and standard functional additives). After cooking, texture and color were either analyzed directly or after 24 h at 4°C on gels adjusted to room temperature.;Gelation properties as well as protein amount in the recovered protein gels can be changed by salvaging water soluble sarcoplasmic proteins from fish processing water or solution and incorporating them into myofibrillar protein gels. Therefore, sarcoplasmic proteins of silver carp were solubilized and added back to recovered myofibrillar protein or Alaska Pollock in solution form to investigate the impact on texture and color of protein gels. Sarcoplasmic protein amounts tested (77 or 144 mg/kg paste) yielded softer, less gummy, chewy, cohesive and resilient (p\u3c0.05) gels compared gels containing transglutaminase, an exogenous enzyme. In order to investigate the effects of greater amounts of sarcoplasmic proteins in the myofibrillar protein gels, solubilized sarcoplasmic proteins were concentrated, made into a powder using a freeze-dryer and added back into recovered protein gels.;A separate study investigating the effects of starch addition at increasing amounts (0, 5, 10, 15, 20 g/kg paste) determined that most of the textural attributes such as hardness, gumminess, chewiness, firmness and resistance to deformation were higher (p\u3c0.05) for gels containing starch; however, these attributes did not increase with the increasing starch concentration. Therefore, the similar textural properties observed in 23 g/kg paste sarcoplasmic protein containing gels without starch or polyphosphates and gels developed using 5 transglutaminase/kg paste, 15 g starch/kg paste and 3 g polyphosphates/kg paste can be attributed to the gel strengthening properties of high amounts of sarcoplasmic proteins in calcium enhanced myofibrillar protein gels.;Overall, this research shows that Ca(OH)2 is effective in protein solubility and separates proteins from other fractions such as lipids and insolubles when used as a processing base during pH shifts. Ca(OH) 2 solubilization yields a recovered protein fraction enhanced with calcium, and lowered sodium. Therefore, protein recovered using Ca(OH)2 will yield a naturally whiter end product with a more beneficial content. Protein gels made from calcium enhanced protein will be harder and naturally whiter. Moreover, sarcoplasmic protein recovered using simple solubilization steps from fish and by-products may be used as a nutritional supplement to enhance protein content of food products or can be incorporated into functional food products such as protein gels containing lower amounts of sodium. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

Comparison of awarded university business incubators: Italy and Turkey.

Based on the diffusion and the effects of university business incubators this thesis work examining university business incubators based on their networking activities in respect to different geographical scopes and intentions of the networking. A large and growing body of literature has investigated on networking activities of university business incubators and outputs of networked incubators. Networking is one of the main competitive advantages of all models of business incubators and also it has a huge impact on the development of the entrepreneurial environment. However, to the author ́s best knowledge, very few publications can be found available in the literature that addresses the issue of the geographical scope of networking how it differentiates its’ development structure. Due to this reason, the objective of this thesis is aiming to analysis the networking activities in different geographical scopes; local, national and international and how do they structure in two different countries. Sample university business incubators are from two different countries, one from ‘developed country’ and one from ‘developing country’ to illustrate the main partners of both incubators according to their geographical scopes, how do they create those partnerships, what are the main activities that they realize together, is there any intermediate third parties and government policies behind of it. What kind of activities are conducting in both university business incubators in order to become more international and finally in respect to their networking activities what kind of industrial partners both UBIs have and how do they create those relationships. This study has determined the relationship between all the partners of a university business incubator and incubator itself. In consideration of previous academic studies about the topic and contributions of this thesis work, now we can gain a better understanding of cause-effect relation of partnership choices and activities in diversified geographical scopes of a university business incubator.ope

The role of Islamic religious beliefs and acceptance of ambivalent sexism in supporting the cancellation of the Istanbul Convention

The aim of this study is to investigate the supporting dynamics of cancellation of Istanbul Convention in Turkey, with the hypothesis of a mediated moderation of Islamic religiosity, age, education, gender, and ambivalent sexism dynamics With the current study, it is intended to examine whether ambivalent sexism scores would change for different demographics as age, religiosity, and gender, as well to see the Istanbul Convention attitudes from this perspective, which has not been studied since the cancellation of the convention. Results showed that religiosity is significantly related to support for the cancellation since higher religiosity significantly predicts the support for the cancellation of Istanbul Convention. This effect was mediated by hostile sexism for men only, where Higher HS for men predicts the support for the cancellation, but not for women. Lastly, the relationship was moderated by age and gender, showing that older people support the cancellation more than younger people and men support the cancellation more than women. Therefore religiosity, hostile sexism, age, and gender were significant factors on investigating the mechanism of support for the cancellation of Istanbul Convention. In conclusion, people with high religiosity show more support to the cancellation of Istanbul Convention, hostile sexism believes mediate the relationship between religiosity and support for the cancellation, with moderation of gender and age that the effect was significant for men and older people.O objetivo deste estudo é investigar as dinâmicas de apoio ao cancelamento da Convenção de Istambul na Turquia, com a hipótese de uma moderação mediada da religiosidade islâmica, idade, educação, gênero e dinâmica de sexismo ambivalente Com o presente estudo, pretende-se examinar se as pontuações de sexismo ambivalente mudariam para diferentes dados demográficos como idade, religiosidade e gênero, bem como para ver as atitudes da Convenção de Istambul a partir dessa perspectiva, que não foi estudada desde o cancelamento da convenção. Os resultados mostraram que a religiosidade está significativamente relacionada ao apoio ao cancelamento, uma vez que uma religiosidade mais alta prediz significativamente o apoio ao cancelamento da Convenção de Istambul. Esse efeito foi mediado pelo sexismo hostil apenas para os homens, onde o HS mais alto para os homens prevê o apoio ao cancelamento, mas não para as mulheres. Por fim, a relação foi moderada por idade e sexo, mostrando que os mais velhos apoiam mais o cancelamento do que os mais jovens e os homens apoiam mais o cancelamento do que as mulheres. Portanto, religiosidade, sexismo hostil, idade e gênero foram fatores significativos na investigação do mecanismo de apoio ao cancelamento da Convenção de Istambul. Em conclusão, pessoas com alta religiosidade mostram mais apoio ao cancelamento da Convenção de Istambul, machismo hostil acredita mediar a relação entre religiosidade e apoio ao cancelamento, com moderação de gênero e idade que o efeito foi significativo para homens e idosos