The exchange of self-incriminating information of athletes between sports organisations and law enforcement

Sports organisations generally have the burden of proving sports rule violations of sportspersons subject to their rules and regulations. Sports rule violations can generally be proven by any reliable means. A common approach taken by sports organisations in this respect is the implementation of so-called cooperation and reporting obligations embedded in their regulations. On this basis, athletes can be obliged to provide all kind of documentary evidence related or unrelated to the matter under investigation. This may cause problems to the privilege against self-incrimination of athletes. In addition, obtaining self-incriminating information in internal sports investigations carried out by private sports organisations can have legal and personal consequences that go well beyond the professional life of athletes. The integrity of sport has been characterised as a public interest due to the social impact of amateur and professional sports in most societies. As a consequence, negative sports-related conduct, such as doping or the manipulation of sports competitions, has been criminalised in various national laws to protect sporting values and preserve the role model function of athletes for young members of our society. This development has led to cooperation between sports organisations and law enforcement agencies, such as prosecutors and the police. Specifically, both collaborate in order to assist the other party’s investigations of sports rule violations and criminal offences, respectively. However, the exchange of intelligence between sports organisations and law enforcement may cause some legal tension. If the same misconduct of athletes leads to both internal sports investigations and criminal proceedings, athletes could be forced to provide self-incriminating information in internal sports organisations, which could then be subsequently transmitted to law enforcement. This system of intelligence gathering raises serious concerns regarding the procedural fairness thereof, keeping in mind the detrimental effects for sportspersons under investigations. A closer look is thus necessary to the legitimacy of the exchange of intelligence. Therefore, the aim of this article is to shed some light on this issue and clarify if and under what conditions internally obtained evidence can be passed on to law enforcement agencies

Cerebral Syphilis, With Report of Cases.

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The Bangorian controversy

Long covered with seldom-disturbed dust, the books and pamphlets of the Bangorian Controversy are a monument to English Church life in the opening decades of the eighteenth century. Like many other monuments bequeathed to our day their ability to draw attention to the men who erected them can compel both admiration and disgust. But in any case they remind us, in spite of our neglect, of a dispute important enough to engage the great men of the Church of England for over three years. Now that the passions which inflamed the authors are gone, their words can speak more clearly of the issues vital in their day at least, and significant in ours.The scope of the subject matter is astounding:The bounds of authority, the nature of the church, its relation to the state, the rights of private judgment and its difficulties, the responsibilities of sincere inquiry, articles of communion, and in what sense they should be subscribed to, and by whom, the power of councils, the power of Convocation, the liberty of freethinking, how a church and how a state should act towards Atheists and towards Deists, questions of toleration, of tests, of church establishments there was not one of these and such other kindred subjects which a writer in this controversy might not enter upon fairly and without wandering from his subject; even a historian who should once enter upon it would scarcely know where to stop.There the problem of organization is set forth as completely as could be hoped. The clue for understanding the controversy lies in the perennial problem of defining the Christian church; and it is this which makes the controversy worth studying today. In this paper, the materials are organized about the doctrine of the church with the attendant notion of author and its natural corollary, the right to dissent. Of course the succession of writings took no such well-defined pattern, but they were all written in defence of the church. This approach to the controversy provides a structure about which the materials can be -grouped with some hope of coherency and comprehensiveness.The historical background material of Chapter I is not intended as an exhaustive treatment of the period, but is provided only to give some picture of the setting in which the controversy took place and some appreciation of the forces which created and sus¬ tained it. Chapter II gives the more or less chrono¬ logical sequence of the controversy, an overall view in which separate writers can be related to the main trend of the argument. Chapters III and IY are more detailed treatments of the principal issues at point: authority and dissent. Chapter V is an attempt not to recapitulate the entire controversy, but to give some perspective to its arguments in relation to both Its own setting and more recent criticisms.In the case of quotations from the original sources, spelling, capitalization, and in most cases -ivpunctuation, have been corrected to modern usage. Care has been taken, however, not to alter the meaning. An earnest endeavour has been made to make the spelling throughout the paper conform to British rather than American usage. The Shorter Oxford Lnalish Dictionary has been used as a standard. The Church of Lna:land is always referred to as "Church", while "church" is used as the more general expression. The Church of Christ, in the sense of an ideal, however, is also referred to as "Church". In most cases the meaning will be obvious, but any confusion in terminology here reflects the same confusion in the minds of the original writers. In the case of citations of anonymous works, if the work is attributed to an author by Halkett and Laing's Diction¬ ary of Anonymous and Pseudonymous Lna'lish Literature, or by Thomas Heme's contemporary bibliographies of the controversy, the reference is made under the author's name. Anonymous works, even when attributed to an author, are marked as such in the bibliography. Where no author is cited, works are listed as "Anon.

Interlayer spin-singlet pairing induced by magnetic interactions in an antiferromagnetic superconductor

It is shown that interlayer spin-singlet Cooper pairing is induced by magnetic interactions in a metallic antiferromagnet of stacked conductive layers in which each layer is ferromagnetically polarized and they order antiferromagnetically in stacking direction. As a result, the antiferromagnetic long-range order and superconductivity coexist at low temperatures. It is shown that T_AF > T_c except for in a very limited parameter region unless T_AF = 0, where T_AF and T_c denote the antiferromagnetic and superconducting transition temperatures, respectively. It is found that the exchange field caused by the spontaneous staggered magnetization does not affect superconductivity at all, even if it is very large. The resultant superconducting order parameter has a horizontal line node, and is isotropic in spin space in spite of the anisotropy of the background magnetic order. We discuss the possible relevance of the present mechanism to the antiferromagnetic heavy fermion superconductors UPd_2Al_3 and CePt_3Si.Comment: 5 pages, 3 figures, in revtex

Barriers to student success in Madagascar

Various indicators suggest that many students in developing countries are not learning in school. Using Madagascar as a case study, we aimed to: (1) evaluate the effectiveness of education among those enrolled in science and math programs of primary, secondary, and university institutions; and (2) understand barriers to student progression through the education system. To address these aims, we conducted 63 semi-structured interviews in June and August 2012 with science and math teachers in five population centers, across all three levels of the public and private school system. We found that crowded classes, limited resources (pedagogical and infrastructural), an average student age range of seven years per classroom (suggestive of grade repetition and/or late school starting age), and discontinuities in the language of instruction explain why teachers estimated that almost 25% of their students would not finish school. Although most secondary and university teachers taught the sciences only in French, they estimated that just one-third of students could fully understand the language. There were also urban-rural and public-private disparities. Teachers in urban areas were significantly more likely to teach using French than their rural counterparts, while public schools housed significantly larger classes than private institutions. While resource equalisation will help to resolve many of these disparities, improved early training in professional languages and increased local autonomy in designing appropriate curriculums will be necessary to tackle other shortfalls

Field-angle resolved specific heat and thermal conductivity in the vortex phase of UPd_2Al_3

The field-angle dependent specific heat and thermal conductivity in the vortex phase of UPd_2Al_3 is studied using the Doppler shift approximation for the low energy quasiparticle excitations. We first give a concise presentation of the calculation procedure of magnetothermal properties with vortex and FS averages performed numerically. The comparison of calculated field-angle oscillations and the experimental results obtained previously leads to a strong reduction of the possible SC candidate states in UPd_2Al_3. The possible SC gap functions have node lines in hexagonal symmetry planes containing either the zone center or the AF zone boundary along c. Node lines in non-symmetry planes can be excluded. We also calculate the field and temperature dependence of field-angular oscillation amplitudes. We show that the observed nonmonotonic field dependence and sign reversal of the oscillation amplitude is due to small deviations from unitary scattering.Comment: 16 pages, 8 figure

The success of battlefield surgical airway insertion in severely injured military patients: a UK perspective

Background The insertion of a surgical airway in the presence of severe airway compromise is an uncommon occurrence in everyday civilian practice. In conflict, the requirement for insertion of a surgical airway is more common. Recent military operations in Afghanistan resulted in large numbers of severely injured patients, and a significant proportion required definitive airway management through the insertion of a surgical airway. Objective To examine the procedural success and survival rate to discharge from a military hospital over an 8-year period. Methods A retrospective database and chart review was conducted, using the UK Joint Theatre Trauma Registry and the Central Health Records Library. Patients who underwent surgical airway insertion by UK medical personnel from 2006 to 2014 were included. Procedural success, demographics, Injury Severity Score, practitioner experience and patient survival data were collected. Descriptive statistics were used for data comparison, and statistical significance was defined as p<0.05. Results 86 patients met the inclusion criterion and were included in the final analysis. The mean patient age was 25 years, (SD 5), with a median ISS of 62.5 (IQR 42). 79 (92%) of all surgical airways were successfully inserted. 7 (8%) were either inserted incorrectly or failed to perform adequately. 80 (93%) of these procedures were performed either by combat medical technicians or General Duties Medical Officers (GDMOs) at the point of wounding or Role 1. 6 (7%) were performed by the Medical Emergency Response Team. 21 (24%) patients survived to hospital discharge. Discussion Surgical airways can be successfully performed in the most hostile of environments with high success rates by combat medical technicians and GDMOs. These results compare favourably with US military data published from the same conflict

Efficient Selfconsistent Calculations of Multiband Superconductivity in UPd2_2Al3_3

An efficient physically motivated computational approach to multiband superconductivity is introduced and applied to the study of the gap symmetry in a heavy-fermion, UPd$_2$Al$_3$. Using realistic pairing potentials and accurate energy bands that are computed within density functional theory, self-consistent calculations demonstrate that the only accessible superconducting gap with nodes exhibits d-wave symmetry in the $A_{1g}$ representation of the $D_{6h}$ point group. Our results suggest that in a superconductor with gap nodes the prevailing gap symmetry is dictated by the constraint that nodes must be as far as possible from high-density areas

Foot pressure distribution during walking in young and old adults

BACKGROUND: Measurement of foot pressure distribution (FPD) is clinically useful for evaluation of foot and gait pathologies. The effects of healthy aging on FPD during walking are not well known. This study evaluated FPD during normal walking in healthy young and elderly subjects. METHODS: We studied 9 young (30 ± 5.2 years), and 6 elderly subjects (68.7 ± 4.8 years). FPD was measured during normal walking speed using shoe insoles with 99 capacitive sensors. Measured parameters included gait phase characteristics, mean and maximum pressure and force, and relative load. Time-series measurements of each variable for all sensors were grouped into 9 anatomical masks. RESULTS: Elderly subjects had lower normalized maximum pressure for the medial and lateral calcaneal masks, and for all medial masks combined. In the medial calcaneus mask, the elderly group also had a lower absolute maximum and lower mean and normalized mean pressures and forces, compared to young subjects. Elderly subjects had lower maximum force and normalized maximum force and lower mean force and normalized mean forces in the medial masks as well. CONCLUSION: FPD differences between the young and elderly groups were confined to the calcaneus and hallux regions and to the medial side of the foot. In elderly subjects, weight bearing on the lateral side of the foot during heel touch and toe-off phases may affect stability during walking