1,099 research outputs found

    Fibrillar Elastomeric Micropatterns Create Tunable Adhesion Even to Rough Surfaces

    Get PDF
    Acknowledgements V.B., N.K.G., and E.A. contributed with conception and experimental design. V.B. performed the experiments. V.B., R.H., A.G., and R.M.M. carried out analysis and interpretation of data. V.B., R.H., A.G., and E.A. wrote the manuscript. V.B. and R.H. contributed equally to this work. V.B. acknowledges funding by SPP 1420 of the German Science Foundation DFG. E.A., N.K.G., and R.H. acknowledge funding from the European Research Council under the European Union/ERC Advanced Grant “Switch2Stick,” Agreement No. 340929.Peer reviewedPublisher PD

    Economie et régulation des réseaux : urbanisation, télécommunications et Internet

    Get PDF
    This PhD thesis consists of three chapters.The first chapter deals with urbanization. A brief history and forecast of cities are highlighted. This overview explains current and upcoming issues in cities, such as congestion, air pollution, urban sprawl, etc. Urban sprawl, among other things, accentuates the question of how to finance network infrastructures such as telecommunications networks at the local loop level in sparsely populated areas. Specific urban policies can be transposed to telecommunications. Some lessons are valuable to regulate this sector.The second chapter is focuses on funding new telecommunications networks. Three articles are put forth. In the first one, it is shown that the credible threat of a State-owned network can be an incentive for private players to invest in a next-generation access. This incentive regulation, however, does not suffice. It should be accompanied by dedicated access regulation. In the second article, it is shown that the regulated access price must include a risk premium to compensate the incumbent for the investment risk of asymmetric regulation. The proposed theoretical framework applies to the Qatari fixed market. Finally, in the third article, a new regulatory approach is put forth to address the issue of Net Neutrality, in particular, regulatory holidays of Net Neutrality rules can be relevant. This innovative approach would allow an Internet Service Provider, to sell, for a given time period, additional bandwidth to content and service providers. At the end of the period, additional bandwidth could be re-allocated to the Open Internet that functions under the Best-Effort regime. Hence, it is shown that this regulatory approach could be an incentive for Internet service providers to invest in more bandwidth but it would also guarantee, in the long run, a given level of quality of service for Internet services.The third chapter deals with the effect of ad blocking on the Internet. The proposed theoretical model highlights the opposite effects of ad blocking on telecommunications networks: on the one hand, ad blocking reduces network congestion, on the other hand, ad blocking increases available content diversity over the Internet. In consequence, Internet service providers have an incentive to integrate an ad blocker, which can be welfare enhancing under certain specific conditions.Cette thĂšse par articles se compose de trois chapitres. Le premier chapitre traite principalement de l’urbanisation. Il apporte un Ă©clairage sur l’histoire des villes ainsi que sur les Ă©volutions futures attendues. Ainsi, cet aperçu permet de comprendre les grands enjeux pour les dĂ©cideurs publics concernĂ©s par les problĂšmes de congestion, de pollution, d’étalement urbain, etc. Les phĂ©nomĂšnes d’urbanisation comme l’étalement urbain accentuent les enjeux de financement des nouvelles infrastructures de rĂ©seaux de tĂ©lĂ©communications dans les zones rurales impactĂ©es par la hausse du taux d’urbanisation. Les problĂ©matiques spĂ©cifiques au secteur des transports trouvent aussi leur transposition dans le domaine des rĂ©seaux de tĂ©lĂ©communications. Un certain nombre d’enseignements issus des politiques de transport peuvent donc ĂȘtre tirĂ©s pour la rĂ©gulation des tĂ©lĂ©communications. Le deuxiĂšme chapitre vise Ă  rĂ©pondre Ă  la problĂ©matique du financement de nouvelles infrastructures de rĂ©seaux. Pour cela, trois essais sont proposĂ©s. Dans le premier essai, il est dĂ©montrĂ© que la menace crĂ©dible par l’État du dĂ©ploiement d’une nouvelle infrastructure de rĂ©seaux peut inciter les acteurs privĂ©s Ă  investir dans de nouvelles technologies de rĂ©seaux. Cette politique incitative n’est pas suffisante. Elle doit s’accompagner d’une politique de rĂ©gulation de l’accĂšs. Dans le deuxiĂšme essai, il est notamment dĂ©montrĂ© que le prix de l’accĂšs aux infrastructures de rĂ©seaux doit intĂ©grer une prime de risque afin que les acteurs privĂ©s soient totalement rĂ©munĂ©rĂ©s pour le risque d’investissement et qu’ils continuent d’ĂȘtre incitĂ©s Ă  investir dans le futur. Le cadre conceptuel appliquĂ© au marchĂ© du Qatar permet d’estimer la prime de risque selon divers scĂ©narii. Enfin, le troisiĂšme essai propose une nouvelle approche de rĂ©gulation pour traiter de la NeutralitĂ© du Net. En particulier, il est dĂ©montrĂ© que des pauses rĂ©glementaires (regulatory holidays en anglais) des rĂšgles de la NeutralitĂ© du Net pourraient s’avĂ©rer utiles. En effet, une pause rĂ©glementaire de certains principes stricts de la NeutralitĂ© du Net permettrait Ă  un opĂ©rateur de vendre, pour une pĂ©riode limitĂ©e, des capacitĂ©s supplĂ©mentaires aux fournisseurs de contenus et services. A l’issu de cette pĂ©riode, la capacitĂ© supplĂ©mentaire du rĂ©seau pourrait ĂȘtre rĂ©allouĂ©e Ă  l’ensemble des services Internet soumis au rĂ©gime du Best-Effort. Ainsi, il est dĂ©montrĂ© que cette rĂ©gulation permettrait Ă  la fois d’inciter les fournisseurs d’accĂšs Ă  Internet Ă  investir mais aussi d’assurer une qualitĂ© de service relative constante sur Internet. Le troisiĂšme chapitre traite de l’effet des bloqueurs de publicitĂ©s sur le marchĂ© de l’Internet. Le modĂšle thĂ©orique met en Ă©vidence les effets opposĂ©s de la publicitĂ© sur les rĂ©seaux de tĂ©lĂ©communications : la publicitĂ© congestionne les rĂ©seaux mais permet Ă©galement de promouvoir la diversitĂ© des contenus proposĂ©s aux consommateurs. Ainsi, il est dĂ©montrĂ© que le fournisseur d’accĂšs Ă  Internet peut ĂȘtre incitĂ© Ă  intĂ©grer un bloqueur de publicitĂ©s, ce qui est sous certaines conditions socialement souhaitable du point de vue du bien-ĂȘtre collectif

    Flavio Munhoz Sofiati, Religião e Juventude – Os novos carismáticos

    Get PDF
    Le sociologue brĂ©silien FlĂĄvio Sofiati, professeur Ă  l’UniversitĂ© FĂ©dĂ©rale de GoiĂĄs, publie un ouvrage consacrĂ© au renouveau charismatique au BrĂ©sil. Le principal terrain d’étude de cette enquĂȘte se situe Ă  Araraquara, une ville de l’État de SĂŁo Paulo, dans une communautĂ© appelĂ©e Canção Nova (Chanson Nouvelle) qui possĂšde dans cette ville une importante structure et anime de nombreux groupes d’oraisons. Il s’agit ici de groupes charismatiques catholiques, c’est-Ă -dire d’un courant religieux a..

    VĂ©ronique Zanetti, L’intervention humanitaire. Droit des individus, devoir des États

    Get PDF
    Florence Zanetti dĂ©bute son ouvrage en rappelant l’importance historique de la crĂ©ation des Nations-Unies. Cette institution vient marquer une nouvelle Ăšre oĂč la paix entre les peuples ne doit plus reposer sur un Ă©quilibre des forces mais sur le respect de la personne humaine. En proclamant leur « foi dans les droits fondamentaux de l’homme », les nations se sont alors engagĂ©es Ă  reconnaĂźtre le caractĂšre universel de ces droits et Ă  les Ă©lever en norme de rĂ©fĂ©rence pour toute institution poli..

    Lasing oscillation in a three-dimensional photonic crystal nanocavity with a complete bandgap

    Full text link
    We demonstrate lasing oscillation in a three-dimensional photonic crystal nanocavity. The laser is realized by coupling a cavity mode, which is localized in a complete photonic bandgap and exhibits the highest quality factor of ~38,500, with high-quality semiconductor quantum dots. We show a systematic change in the laser characteristics, including the threshold and the spontaneous emission coupling factor by controlling the crystal size, which consequently changes the strength of photon confinement in the third dimension. This opens up many interesting possibilities for realizing future ultimate light sources and three-dimensional integrated photonic circuits and for more fundamental studies of physics in the field of cavity quantum electrodynamics.Comment: 14 pages, 4 figure

    Effects of paddles and fins on front crawl kinematics, arm stroke efficiency, coordination, and estimated energy cost

    Get PDF
    Paddles and fins are used in swimmers training with different objectives (e.g., increase propulsive areas of hands and feet, improve the feeling of water flow). These artificial modifications of the stroke might be viewed as external constraints of the stroke task, both will either disturb or facilitate swimming modalities, so the coaches should manipulate its use to extract benefits for performance. This study seeks to investigate the precise effects of wearing either paddles (PAD) or fins (FINS) vs. a no-equipment (NE) trial in three all-out front crawl exercises on swimmer kinematics, arm stroke efficiency (ηp), upper-limbs coordination patterns (Index of Coordination, IdC), and estimated energy cost (C). Eleven regional to national-level male swimmers participated in the study (age: 25.8 ± 5.5 years, body mass: 75.2 ± 5.5 kg, height: 177 ± 6.5 cm) and were recorded from both sides of the swimming pool to collect all variables. Repeated measures ANOVA and Bonferroni post hoc were used to compare the variables. Effects sizes were calculated. Time to cover the distance and velocity were higher in FINS swimming, with larger values of stroke length (SL) and lower kick amplitude in comparison to the other trials (PAD and NE). The use of FINS also modified the stroke phases durations by presenting significant lower propulsion time during the stroke in comparison to PAD or NE. Values of IdC were lower (IdC < −1%, so catchup pattern of coordination) for FINS in comparison to NE. In terms of ηp, using PAD or FINS demonstrate higher arm stroke efficiency than swimming without equipment. Finally, C was significantly higher in FINS swimming in comparison to NE and PAD. From the present results, it should be noted that the use of equipment such as fins deeply modify the structure of the swimming stroke (from the performance-related parameters through the kinematics of both upper and lower limbs to the stroke efficiency and coordination pattern). So, using equipment should be appropriately scaled by the coaches to the objectives of the training session in swimming, and in emergent sports such as “SwimRun”, paddles and fins must be viewed as tools to achieve higher velocities to cover a given distance

    Les effets d’un programme bilingue d’apprentissage de l’écrit (initiative ELAN-Afrique) Ă  l’école primaire en Afrique subsaharienne francophone

    Get PDF
    Cette Ă©tude Ă©value l’impact d’un programme d’apprentissage (ELAN-Afrique) de l’écrit (lecture, Ă©criture) en langues nationales (L1) et en français (L2) aux deux premiĂšres annĂ©es de l’école primaire (CP1 et CP2) sur les performances orales et Ă©crites en L1 et en L2, dans huit pays d’Afrique subsaharienne francophone. Il s’agit aussi de tester les effets de transferts interlangues entre la L1 et la L2. 2700 Ă©lĂšves ont Ă©tĂ© Ă©valuĂ©s trois fois en deux ans (dĂ©but CP1, fin CP1, fin CP2). Environ la moitiĂ© des Ă©lĂšves est issue de classes pilotes impliquĂ©es dans le programme (dix par pays) et l’autre moitiĂ© de classes tĂ©moins. DĂ©but CP1, le protocole d’évaluation comporte cinq Ă©preuves : connaissance du monde de l’écrit et du nom des lettres, vocabulaire, conscience phonologique, comprĂ©hension orale. Fin CP1, deux Ă©preuves sont ajoutĂ©es : identification de mots Ă©crits et lecture de mots en une minute. Fin CP2, plusieurs Ă©preuves de fin CP1 sont conservĂ©es avec ajout de deux autres : comprĂ©hension Ă©crite et orthographe. L’impact positif du programme est attestĂ© dans sept des huit pays, mais avec des diffĂ©rences selon les compĂ©tences, les contextes et les pays. Des recommandations sont proposĂ©es pour amĂ©liorer ce dispositif et penser son extension Ă  d’autres pays.This study assessed the impact of the program’s teaching methods ELAN-Africa for reading and writing in national languages (L1) and French (L2), at the first two years of elementary school (Grade 1 year 1 and Grade 1 year 2) in eight Sub-Saharan African countries. The cross-lingual effects between L1 and L2 was also investigated. 2 700 pupils were assessed at 3 times of measure during the 2 years (at the beginning of Grade 1 year 1, at the end of Grade 1 year 1 and at the end of Grade 1 year 2). Approximately the half of the pupils was enrolled in experimental classrooms implied in the program (10 by country) and the other in control classrooms. At the beginning of Grade 1 year 1, the protocol of assessment included 5 tests: print concepts and letters knowledge, vocabulary, phonological awareness and oral comprehension. At the end of Grade 1 year 1, two reading tests were added: reading words and a one-minute reading. At the end of Grade 1 year 2, several tests of the last assessment were preserved and 2 others were added: written comprehension and spelling. The positive effect of the program was found in 7 of the 8 countries, but with a varying efficacy according to writing skills, the contexts and the countries. Recommendations were proposed to improve the program and to think its extension into other countries

    Fibrillar elastomeric micropatterns create tunable adhesion even to rough surfaces

    Get PDF
    Biologically inspired, fibrillar dry adhesives continue to attract much attention as they are instrumental for emerging applications and technologies. To date, the adhesion of micropatterned gecko-inspired surfaces has predominantly been tested on stiff, smooth substrates. However, all natural and almost all artificial surfaces have roughnesses on one or more different length scales. In the present approach, micropillar-patterned PDMS surfaces with superior adhesion to glass substrates with different roughnesses are designed and analyzed. The results reveal for the first time adhesive and nonadhesive states depending on the micropillar geometry relative to the surface roughness profile. The data obtained further demonstrate that, in the adhesive regime, fibrillar gecko-inspired adhesive structures can be used with advantage on rough surfaces; this finding may open up new applications in the fields of robotics, biomedicine, and space exploration
    • 

    corecore