In Defence of Macdonald\u27s Constitution

To-night I propose to sing the praises of the Canadian Constitution of 1867. I call it Macdonald\u27s Constitution for two reasons. The first is that, though of course it was the work of all the Fathers of Confederation, Macdonald, incontestably, was the chief architect. The second is that what I am concerned to defend is the basic document Macdonald left us: Macdonald\u27s Constitution as distinct from Haldane\u27s; Macdonald\u27s Constitution before it was defaced and ravaged by the Judicial Committee of the British Privy Council; before it was distorted by those wicked Stepfathers of Confederation. Does it need defence? Yes. Against what? Against the demands voiced, notably, by the recent Joint Parliamentary Committee on the Constitution, for a new Constitution , a fundamental recasting , a Constitution rethought and reformulated in terms that are meaningful to Canadians now. \u27 And why are we supposed to need this new Constitution? First, because the Constitution of 1867 (which, despite the Watsons and the Haldanes, remains the basis of our present Constitution) is not distinctively Canadian ;2 because it was imposed by British overlords , 3 or granted by a colonial power , 4 or because the Fathers were thinking as colonials .

In Defence of Macdonald\u27s Constitution

To-night I propose to sing the praises of the Canadian Constitution of 1867. I call it Macdonald\u27s Constitution for two reasons. The first is that, though of course it was the work of all the Fathers of Confederation, Macdonald, incontestably, was the chief architect. The second is that what I am concerned to defend is the basic document Macdonald left us: Macdonald\u27s Constitution as distinct from Haldane\u27s; Macdonald\u27s Constitution before it was defaced and ravaged by the Judicial Committee of the British Privy Council; before it was distorted by those wicked Stepfathers of Confederation. Does it need defence? Yes. Against what? Against the demands voiced, notably, by the recent Joint Parliamentary Committee on the Constitution, for a new Constitution , a fundamental recasting , a Constitution rethought and reformulated in terms that are meaningful to Canadians now. \u27 And why are we supposed to need this new Constitution? First, because the Constitution of 1867 (which, despite the Watsons and the Haldanes, remains the basis of our present Constitution) is not distinctively Canadian ;2 because it was imposed by British overlords , 3 or granted by a colonial power , 4 or because the Fathers were thinking as colonials .

The Courts and the Conventions of the Constitution

This article addresses the somewhat evasive topic of conventions. In the first part of the article, the author discusses conventions in a very general way as part of our "working Constitution of Canada". In so doing, he considers such questions as: What constitutes a convention?; How does it change?; and, In what circumstances does it change? Numerous examples of conventions are presented and examined. The second part of the article is more specifically concerned with the relationship between the courts and these conventions. Particular emphasis is placed on the patriation reference of 1982 to the Supreme Court of Canada. The author concludes by assessing the appropriate role of the courts with respect to matters of convention.Cet étude adressera le sujet quelque peu évasif des conventions. En premier lieu, l'auteur donnera au apercu général des conventions en rapport avec le rôle de la Constitution du Canada dans notre vie quotidienne. Entre autres, l'auteur discutera les questions suivants: Quelle est une convention?; Comment peut-on modifier une convention?; Dans quelles circonstances est-ce qu'une convention change? L'etude présentera et examinera plusieurs exemples de conventions. En deuxième lieu, l'auteur démontrera la relation qui existe entre les Cours et les conventions et, en particulier, il attirera l'attention sur la référence de patriation à la Cour Suprême du Canada en 1982. Finalement, l'étude évaluera le rôle des Cours le plus approprié en rapport aux affaires des convention

The Effects of Acute Photobiomodulation on Anaerobic Exercise Performance

Optimal performance in sport requires a balance between training stress and recovery. Therapeutic modalities that allow athletes to maintain this balance while training hard are in high demand, but many lack research. Photobiomodulation is a red and near-infrared light therapy that is proposed to enhance exercise performance and hasten recovery. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of acute whole body photobiomodulation, applied pre-exercise, on anaerobic exercise performance. Forty-eight healthy, active subjects participated in this single-blind, crossover study. Subjects visited the lab three times to complete a repeat Wingate test, with one week between each visit. All subjects completed baseline testing during their first visit and randomly received either the photobiomodulation or placebo condition before testing on the second visit, followed by the opposite condition on the third visit. There was a significantly higher peak power on the first Wingate test following photobiomodulation (p=0.046) but no differences in peak power on the second, third, and fourth Wingate tests. There was also a significantly higher power drop on the first Wingate test (p=0.045) but no differences on the second, third, and fourth Wingate tests. There were no differences in average power on any of the Wingate tests. Blood lactate was significantly lower following photobiomodulation, before exercise (p=0.0001), trending higher after the first Wingate test (p=0.077), and significantly higher after the second Wingate test (p=0.048). Peak heart rate was significantly higher following photobiomodulation on the first (p=0.009), second (p=0.022), and fourth (p=0.015) Wingate tests. On the day following photobiomodulation, heart rate variability was higher (p=0.0043) but there were no differences in subjective recovery and stress scores. Based on these findings, we concluded that acute photobiomodulation may enhance maximal anaerobic performance but does not attenuate fatigue. We also concluded that acute photobiomodulation may enhance recovery from maximal, anaerobic exercise

Studies on the cellular interactions involved in experimental and chronic irritant dermatitis

Chronic irritant contact dermatitis (ICD) is a common clinical problem, arising from contact with a diverse range of irritants, affecting people both in the workplace and the home. Previous studies have concentrated on the late acute irritant response (24 hours onwards) in normal volunteers. To date there is limited knowledge of acute irritant reactions in patients with established ICD. For this reason we have compared the effect of three chemically diverse common irritants on 100 patients with a history of chronic ICD for more than 6 weeks, and 31 normal volunteers. The irritants were titrated on normal skin to induce similar grades of erythema by 48 hours. The final concentrations, 80% nonanoic acid (NA), 5% sodium Iaury! sulphate (SLS) and 0.01% dithranol (DL) were applied to the volar aspect of the forearm for various timepoints up to 48 hours. Samples were obtained from punch biopsies and suction blisters enabling us to study the cellular and molecular mechanisms associated with the onset of irritant reactions. In addition this has allowed comparisons to be made between acute reactions in ICD patients with previous data from normal volunteers. Immunohistochemical methods were used to investigate a number of parameters, the findings of which were entered onto a database and statistically analysed. DL irritation evoked minimal histopathological changes. Epidermal damage however, was observed after both NA and SLS application. NA irritation profoundly affected the epidermal LC population, inducing redistribution, apoptosis and a dramatic decrease in LC numbers by 24 hours. Keratinocyte (KC) apoptosis and mild spongiosis was also evident. In contrast SLS irritation had a marked affect upon the epidermal KC population, inducing proliferation, parakeratosis, severe oedema and focal KC activation by 24 and 48 hours. KC activation, defined by .tvrn:C IT and CD54 expression accompanied an extensive leucocyte exocytosis. SLS irritation also reduced epidermal LC numbers by 48 hours, but not as a result of apoptosis. These findings suggest that for the two irritants different mechanisms are involved in LC reduction and therefore have important implications for antigen presentation and immune responses. KC activation and the resultant leucocyte influx were probably triggered through cytokine production. We suggest that the potent T cell and neutrophil chemoattractant IL-8, present after SLS application, was responsible for the heavy dermal and subsequent epidermal leucocyte influx observed by 24 and 48 hours. In the case of NA irritation leucocyte infiltration was less significant, neutrophils were present in the papillary dermis infiltrate at 6 hours, although this influx was not sustained. In contrast, SLS irritation caused dermal accumulation of larger numbers of neutrophils at 24 and 48 hours. Western blotting studies revealed no evidence for the involvement of autoimmune mechanisms in the pathogenesis of either irritant reaction. Our results clearly indicate that the pathological processes induced by NA or SLS are distinct despite comparable clinical reactions. Both irritants provoked epidermal damage, differentially affecting the epidermal architecture and cellular components, with important implications for immune responses

An investigation into grid patching techniques

In the past decade significant advances were made using flow field methods in the calculation of external transonic flows over aerodynamic configurations. It is now possible to calculate inviscid transonic flow over three dimensional configurations by solving the potential equation. However, with the exception of the transonic small disturbance methods which have the advantage of a simple cartesian grid, the configurations over which it is possible to calculate such flows are relatively simple. The major reason for this is the difficulty of producing compatibility between grid generation and flow equation solutions. The main programs in use, use essentially analytic transformations for prescribed configurations and, as such, are not easy to extend. While there is work in progress to extend this type of system to a limited extent, the long term effort is directed towards a more general approach. This approach should not be restricted to producing grid systems in isolation but rather a consideration of the overall problem of flow field solution

Demosaicing images from colour cameras for digital image correlation

Digital Image Correlation is not the intended use for consumer colour cameras, but with care they can be successfully employed in such a role. The main obstacle is the sparsely sampled colour data caused by the use of a colour filter array (CFA) to separate the colour channels. It is shown that the method used to convert consumer camera raw files into a monochrome image suitable for digital image correlation (DIC) can have a significant effect on the DIC output. A number of widely available software packages and two in-house methods are evaluated in terms of their performance when used with DIC. Using an in-plane rotating disc to produce a highly constrained displacement field, it was found that the bicubic spline based in-house demosaicing method outperformed the other methods in terms of accuracy and aliasing suppression

A personal journey of change: 20 years introducing technology inside and outside of the Organic Chemistry classroom.

Lectures lacking in student engagement have been shown to be largely ineffective with respect to learning and knowledge retention (Halloun, 1985) particularly with conceptually difficult courses such as organic Chemistry. Deeper learning and critical thinking skills are gained through active participation inside and outside of the classroom ( Crouch & Mazur, 2001; Flynn, 2015; Prince, 2004; Wieman et al., 2014). My first realization that there had to be a better way than passive lecture came in 1997. Students blindly copied reactions and mechanisms off the blackboard without comprehending. I wrote at such a fast pace, covering multiple black boards that sometimes students had not finished copying what I had written by the time I started erasing the first board. My first solution was to create course notes with blanks so that we could work on questions together. However, with increasing accessibility and affordability of digital devices the way people learn and expect to be taught has fundamentally changed. Thus, I gradually shifted to online assignments, in-class student response systems and online course material to facilitate flipping the classroom. The next step in my journey in utilizing technology for promoting student success and engagement was the development and use of an interactive online textbook with weekly reading assignments. We will discuss the gradual and then accelerated introduction of technology into and outside of the classroom. We will share student perceptions of the various course elements based on survey responses, the impact these changes have had on student success and discuss the changing expectations of students. Crouch & Mazur (2001). Am. J. Phys., 69, 970–977. Flynn (2015). Chem. Educ. Res. Pract., 16, 198-211. Halloun (1985). Am. J. Phys., 53, 1043–1048. Prince (2004). J. Eng. Educ., 93, 223–23. Wieman et al. (2014). The Physics Teacher, 52, 51-53