Testing Reliability of Serum Samples as a DNA Source on Captive Breeding Long-tailed Macaques (Macaca fascicularis)

The serum realibility was tested in captive breeding conditions on the long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis). Serum and buffy coat were applied to standard protocol of DNA extration following the amplification of microsatellite DNA locus of D2S1777 by PCR and visualized PCR products by means of PAGE with silver staining.  The amount of genomic DNA extracted from serum was sufficient for genotyping individuals at DNA microsatellite locus of D2S1777 with the allele size is approximately 160 bp.  We show that serum can provide a reliable alternative for obtaining DNA where taking blood using anticoagulant is impracticabl

Human Short Tandem Repeat (STR) Markers for Paternity Testing in Pig-Tailed Macaques

This study investigated the use of human short tandem repeat (STR) or microsatellite loci markers for assessing paternity and genetic structure of pig-tailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina) breeding colony. Four human microsatellite primer pairs located at human map position D1S548, D3S1768, D5S820, and D2S1777, were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for pig-tailed macaques. Four loci were found to be clearly and reliably amplified, and three loci exhibited high levels of genetic heterogeneity. These loci were sufficiently informative to differentiate discretely between related and unrelated pairs

Discrimination of two species of Orangutans (Pongo sp.): A rapid protocol for rehabilitation centres and zoos

     Currently orangutans exist in increasingly fragmented and isolated populations. While Sumatran orangutan is primarily found in northern Sumatra, the Bornean is distributed in Central, West, and East Kalimantan, Sarawak and Sabah.  The determination of intra- and inter-species variation between Bornean and Sumatran orangutans has been stated to be essential for both the management of orangutan reintroduction projects and the planning of conservation strategies to preserve the remaining wild populations.  This study aimed to identify two species of Orangutans (Pongo sp.) by means of RFLP (Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms) analyses of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA).  An approximately 540 bp single fragment of the ND5 gene near the 5’-region was PCR amplified for all samples tested.  Digestion pattern for both AluI and MseI were different between two groups of ND5 fragments in this study.  Present result showed a rapid protocol to identify these two species by means of RFLP (Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism) analyses of mtDNA (mitochondrial DNA).  This technique can be applied easily to rehabilitation centres and zoos to resolve species discrimination problem.  Keywords: Orangutans, Pongo sp., Sumatra, Borneo, discriminatio

Challenges to and Prospects of the Non-Aligned Movement During the Eighties

With the thaw of the cold war and the emergence of detente between the superpowers, it was widely argued that the policy of non-alignment had almost lost its relevance. Behind this belief was the assumption that non-alignment was the outcome of the cold war. However, non alignment did not go into oblivion as predicted by the cold war theory. On the contrary, the Movement was able to adapt itself to the new international conditions of the 1970\u27s and to reemerge bigorously as a major political force in the 1980\u27s. The papers published in this volume tackle these questions from various perspectives. The first two, written by two Indian scholars, provide us with a macroscopic viewpoint of the present international system and its impact on the primary orientations of the Non-Aligned Movement. The papers of Dr. Haroub Othman and Dr. Samir Ahmed review the political and organizational evolution of the Movement. Dr. Galal\u27s and Dr. Singh\u27s papers attempt to describe the security challenges of the Non-Aligned Move cent in the 1980\u27 s and the feasibility of formulating a Non-Aligned Security Doctrine. The next two contributions discuss the political economy of non-alignment. Dr. Selim\u27s paper reviews the emergence of the economic paradigm of non-aligned countries -- the evolution of the Movement of Non-Alignment as to form the main economic pressure group for Third World countries during the 1970\u27s and the basic obstacles which arc likely to influence the economic role of the Movement in Dr Bashai discusses the role of the Movement in North-South the negotiations and the fostering of South-South cooperation. In his second contribution to chis volume, Dr. Samir Ahmed discusses the particular nature of Africa\u27s non-alignment and the basic challenges which confront the continent its endeavor to preserve its non-aligned international status. Finally, Dr. Tadic and Dr. Farajallah succinctly tackle the difficult task of attempting co-identify the general global and structural problems which confront the Nonaligned Movement in the 1980\u27s and the prospects for the future.https://fount.aucegypt.edu/faculty_book_chapters/1887/thumbnail.jp

Discrimination of Two Species of Orangutans (Pongo SP.): a Rapid Protocol for Rehabilitation Centres and Zoos

Currently orangutans exist in increasingly fragmented and isolated populations. While Sumatran orangutan is primarily found in northern Sumatra, the Bornean is distributed in Central, West, and East Kalimantan, Sarawak and Sabah. The determination of intra- and inter-species variation between Bornean and Sumatran orangutans has been stated to be essential for both the management of orangutan reintroduction projects and the planning of conservation strategies to preserve the remaining wild populations. This study aimed to identify two species of Orangutans (Pongo sp.) by means of RFLP (Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms) analyses of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). An approximately 540 bp single fragment of the ND5 gene near the 5'-region was PCR amplified for all samples tested. Digestion pattern for both AluI and MseI were different between two groups of ND5 fragments in this study. Present result showed a rapid protocol to identify these two species by means of RFLP (Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism) analyses of mtDNA (mitochondrial DNA). This technique can be applied easily to rehabilitation centres and zoos to resolve species discrimination problem

Cryptocurrency based on Blockchain Technology

The state of Palestine does not own national currency so Palestine loses a lot of money yearly due to the use of foreign currencies and the Paris Protocol agreement prevents Palestinian own currency For that the crypto-currencies based on block-chain instead of physical currency will help the state of Palestine to avoid the obstacles that prevent to own currency In this paper we will study the cryptocurrency based on Blockchain technology that uses peer-to-peer P2P and timestamp server In additional exploring the main components of bitcoin currency as an exampl

Determination of Grouper Species of Subfamily Epinephelinae from Raja Ampat (West Papua) Region Using CO1 Gene Sequence

The Raja Ampat Islands, located near the heart of the “Coral Triangle” on Bird's Head Peninsula, West Papua, Indonesia are well known for its outstanding biological diversity and stunning marine and terrestrial habitats. Groupers (family Serranidae) has included as part of the 5 largest families associated with coral reefs on the Bird’s Head region. The grouper identification was generally done on the basis of color patterns and morphological characters, but oftentimes these characters show intraspecific variations or differences in color patterns between juvenile and adult individuals. This study aims to confirm the type of grouper species that were obtained from the sport fishing activities around Raja Ampat Island. Species confirmation from subfamily of Epinephelinae determined by analyzing the number of differences of nucleotides and genetic distance on the sequence of the CO1 gene (Cytochrome oxidase subunit 1). A total of eight fish samples were successfully sequenced and aligned. Those samples consist of eight species belonging to the three genera namely Anyperodon, Epinephelus, and Cephalopolis

Skin Histology and Microtopography of Papuan White Snake (Micropechis ikaheka) in Relation to Their Zoogeographical Distribution

Papuan white snake (Micropechis ikaheka) is endemic to New Guinea (the region of the Papua and Papua New Guinea). Internal histology of skin layer and the microtopography structure on the surface scales of M. ikaheka were the aims of the study. This study also related to zoogeographical of the snake in Papua. Geographical skin color variation of M. ikaheka can be described in three groups, i.e. brown, yellow and black group. The three groups of the snake have specific zoogeography in the mainland of Papua and satellite islands to Papua New Guinea. Paraffin method used in this work showed approximately five layers i.e. oberhautchen, the beta (b)-layer, the mesos layer, the alpha (a)-layer, and the dermis in the snake skin. Although the paraffin method cannot explain the arrangement of pigment cells, however, the dark color on the dermis might contain melanophores that might cause dark color of the snake body. Overlapping scales formed the hinge region were flexible to assist the snakes when they moved across substrate. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of the oberhautchen of all of M. ikaheka revealed no microornamentation. However, dorsal and ventral scales showed many follicles on the entire surface of the boundary scales

The Self and the Other in Philip Massinger’s “The Renegado, the Gentleman of Venice”: A Structural View

Renaissance England (1500-1660) is the most flourishing era of English history which testified the emergence of classical humanistic arts. Of course, drama is a literary genre that prospered, then, to entertain the interests of the Royal ruling families, especially Queen Elizabeth 1 (1558-1603) and her successor King James 1 (1603-25), as theatres were built in London along with dramatic performances held in the courts like masquerades. This study aims at showing the distortion of Islam in Philip Massinger’s “The Renegado or The Gentleman of Venice”, via tackling the theme of “the self and the other” and analyzing the structure of the play. Why not, and English Renaissance citizens love to watch the non-Christians, the misbelievers, humiliated and undermined. Massinger, among other Elizabethan dramatists like William Shakespeare, uses the art of tragicomedy to show the Western hatred, which is “the self”, of the Oriental Islam that is in turn “the other”

Polymorphism Identification of Pit1 Gene in Indonesian Buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) and Holstein-Friesian Cows

Pit-1 gene has been identified as the pituitary specific transcription factor that regulates the expression of the growth hormone (GH) and prolactin (PRL) genes in the anterior pituitary. The use of polymorphic markers in breeding programmes could make selection more accurate and efficient. A total  of 320 Indonesian buffaloes from four populations and 45 FH cows from nine populations were genotyped for polymorphism of Pit1|Hinf1 gene by the polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) methods. The gene polymorphism was detected only in FH cattle. The frequency of AA, AB, and BB genotype was 2%, 44%, and 53% respectively. The frequency of A allel was 25% and B allel was 75%, but no polymorphism was detected in 320 Indonesia buffaloes