Development of Myxobolus dispar (Myxosporea : Myxobolidae) in an oligochaete alternate host, Tubifex tubifex

The development of Myxobolus dispar Thelohan, 1895, a myxosporean parasite of the gills of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) was studied in experimentally infected oligochaetes Tubifex tubifex Muller. After infection of uninfected tubificids with mature spores of M. dispar development of actinosporean stages was first observed light microscopically 21 days after initial exposure. In histological sections, early pansporocysts were located in the gut epithelium of experimental oligochaetes, while advanced stages occupied mostly the outer layers of the gut and the coelozoic space. Mature pansporocysts, each containing 8 raabeia spores, appeared 199 days after initial exposure. Following damage of the intestinal wall and rupture of the pansporocysts, free actinosporean stages were found in the gut lumen of the oligochaetes. Actinospores of M. dispar emerged from the worms after 217 days of intra-oligochaete development. They were floating in the water and showed a unique raabeia form. Each raabeia sport had three pyriform polar capsules and a cylindrical-shaped sporoplasm with approximately 32 secondary cells. The spore body joined the three caudal projections without a style. Caudal projections were bifurcated at the end and the two main branches had further small bifurcations. The total length of the raabeia sport was approximately 158 mu m. The prevalence of infection in 240 experimentally infected Tubifex specimens was 99.2%. No infection was found in the control oligochaetes

Effects of Pre- and Post-Harvest Applications of 6-Furfurylaminopurine and N6-Benzyladenine on Physio-Chemical Changes in Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.)

The extent and nature of physio-chemical changes that take place in detached leaves after harvest and during storage have been reviewed and discussed by Osborne (1962) and Rogers (1955). These changes include loss of moisture (Wittwer et al., 1962), chlorophyll degredation (Person et al., 1957), Protein loss (Thimann and Manmahan, 1960), and result in subsequent appearance of the visual manifestations of senescence of plant tissues. As lettuce, like most leafy vegetables, deteriorates rapidly and steadily after harvest. Loss of quality is inevitable and can only be minimized by rapid handling and with the best possible storage conditions (Pratt et al., 1954). In recent years, abundant work has been done to delay senescence by the use of various chemicals. Among the investigated chemicals, kinetin (6-furfurylarninopurine) and its related c ompounds show some promise. Van Overbeek et al. (1941) reported a potent new growthpromoting factor (kinetin) in coconut milk. This chemical is active in causing many of the growth reactions of c oconut milk at exceedingly small dosages. Subsequently several arninopurine compounds were synthesized. One of which is SD 4901 (Verdan), N6-benzyladenine, an experimental senescence inhibitor, was developed by Shell Development Company, Modesto, California in 1960. Many reports showed that this chemical is capable of delaying senescence of plant tissues on the basis of restoring protein molecules and respiration inhibition. On the other hand, others have shown stimulation of respiration and delaying of senescence. Paucity of scientific literature on the stability of those chemicals on leafy vegetables gave impetus to a study of the comparative influence of pre- and post-harvest applications of 6-furfurylaminopurine and N6-benzyladenine as related to successive harvest times. Such studies may have considerable economic bearing upon storing and shipping leafy vegetables to distant markets. This thesis presents effects of different concentrations (5, 10, and 20 ppm.) of pre- and post-harvest applications of 6-furfurylaminopurine and N6-benzyladenine as related to three successive harvest times (at one week intervals) on chlorophyll content, moisture content, total nitrogen, insoluble and soluble nitrogen, oxygen uptake, 0 and co2 production during storage (at 40 Fo and 85 percent RH) of Great Lakes variety of lettuce

Generation Of Diverse Molecular Complexity From Cyclooctatetraene

ABSTRACT GENERATION OF DIVERSE MOLECULAR COMPLEXITY FROM CYCLOOCTATETRAENE Mohamed F. El Mansy, B.Sc, M.Sc. Marquette University, 2014 The use of simple hydrocarbons as starting materials for the synthesis of complex molecules relies on efficient methods for oxidation, functionalization or rearrangement. For example, various researchers have explored cyclopentadiene or cycloheptatriene as precursors for the preparation of a wide variety of drug candidates, natural products and synthetic products. The purpose of this research is to explore methods to transform the simple hydrocarbon, cyclooctatetraene (COT) into complex target molecules. Tricarbonyl (cyclooctatetraene)iron, readily prepared from COT, reacts with a variety of electrophiles to form (dienyl)iron cations. These steps may be regarded as branching pathways in diversity oriented synthesis. Reaction of these cations with a variety of nucleophiles, followed by oxidative decomplexation gave the corresponding racemic polyenes. Further manipulation of the generated polyenes can be effected by cycloaddition, oxidation, oxidative cleavage, rearrangement or reduction. Utilizing these reactions, a variety of stereochemically diverse polyhydroxy aminocycloalkanes ( aminocyclitols ) have been prepared. The inhibitory activity of these aminocyclitols against beta-glucosidase (from almonds) was reported. Conversely, ring-rearrangement metathesis of the polyenes containing a pendant olefin tether leads to a variety of carbocycles and heterocycles by what can be considered folding pathways in diversity oriented synthesis. This strategy has lead to a number of biologically active or natural product-line structures from the simple hydrocarbon cyclooctatetraene in a short number of steps

Generation of Molecular Complexity from Cyclooctatetraene: Preparation of Optically Active Protected Aminocycloheptitols and Bicyclo[4.4.1]undecatriene

The racemic (6-cyclo-heptadienyl)Fe(CO)3+ cation ((±)-7), prepared from cyclooctatetraene, was treated with a variety of carbon and heteroatom nucleophiles. Attack took place at the less hindered C1 dienyl carbon and decomplexation of the (cycloheptadiene)Fe(CO)3 complexes gave products rich in functionality for further synthetic manipulation. In particular, a seven-step route was developed from racemic (6-styryl-2,4-cycloheptadien-1-yl)phthalimide ((±)-9 d) to afford the optically active aminocycloheptitols (−)-20 and (+)-20

Spectral Data for Generation of Molecular Complexity from Cyclooctatetraene: Preparation of Optically Active Protected Aminocycloheptitols and Bicyclo[4.4.1]undecatriene

Spectral data created in the course of the research project. Supports specific findings in Generation of Molecular Complexity from Cyclooctatetraene: Preparation of Optically Active Protected Aminocycloheptitols and Bicyclo[4.4.1]undecatriene . The racemic (6-cyclo-heptadienyl)Fe(CO)3+ cation ((±)-7), prepared from cyclooctatetraene, was treated with a variety of carbon and heteroatom nucleophiles. Attack took place at the less hindered C1 dienyl carbon and decomplexation of the (cycloheptadiene)Fe(CO)3 complexes gave products rich in functionality for further synthetic manipulation. In particular, a seven-step route was developed from racemic (6-styryl-2,4-cycloheptadien-1-yl)phthalimide ((±)-9 d) to afford the optically active aminocycloheptitols (−)-20 and (+)-20

Sprectral data for Generation of Molecular Complexity from Cyclooctatetraene Using Dienyliron and Olefin Metathesis

Spectral data used in the course of researching Generation of molecular complexity from cyclooctatetraene using dienyliron and olefin metathesis methodology . Transformation of the simple hydrocarbon cyclooctatetraene into a variety of polycyclic skeletons was achieved by sequential coordination to iron, reaction with electrophiles followed by allylated nucleophiles, decomplexation and olefin metathesis

Generation of Molecular Complexity from Cyclooctatetraene: Preparation of Aminobicyclo[5.1.0]octitols

A series of eight stereoisomeric N-(tetrahydroxy bicyclo-[5.1.0]oct-2S*-yl)phthalimides were prepared in one to four steps from N-(bicyclo[5.1.0]octa-3,5-dien-2-yl)phthalimide (±)-7, which is readily available from cyclooctatetraene (62 % yield). The structural assignments of the stereoisomers were established by 1H NMR spectral data as well as X-ray crystal structures for certain members. The outcomes of several epoxydiol hydrolyses, particularly ring contraction and enlargement, are of note. The isomeric phthalimides as well as the free amines did not exhibit β-glucosidase inhibitory activity at a concentration of less than 100 μM

Evaluation of the Biocompatibility of a Recent Bioceramic Root Canal Sealer (BioRoot™ RCS): In-vivo Study

BACKGROUND: Recently, new calcium silicate bioceramic sealers were introduced to the market. The selection of root canal sealers should not only be based on the different physical parameters but also on local biocompatibility and tissue tolerance. AIM: This study aimed to evaluate and compare the in-vivo biocompatibility of a BioRoot RCS in parallel to MTA Fillapex and AH Plus sealers. METHODS: Polyethylene tubes containing the freshly mixed test materials were implanted in the subcutaneous tissue of 32 Wistar rats. Empty tubes served as negative controls. After 7, 14, 30, and 60 days, the animals were sacrificed, and the implants with surrounding tissues were processed for routine histological analysis. Histological sections were analyzed under light microscopy. The tissue response was determined by the inflammatory cell infiltration intensity and the fibrous capsule thickness. RESULTS: Results revealed a statistically significant decrease of the inflammation intensity by time within each group for all tested sealers and control. A well-defined thin capsule was observed for all tested sealers at 60 days. CONCLUSION: BioRoot RCS exhibited rapid recovery of inflammation similar to controls. Thus, within the limitations of this study, it can be considered a biocompatible sealer with acceptable tissue tolerance

Early improvement in left atrial remodeling and function after mitral valve replacement in organic symptomatic mitral regurgitation assessed by three-dimensional echocardiography

Background: Mitral regurgitation increases the volume of the left ventricle and the atrium. Reverse LA remodeling is caused after surgical mitral valve replacement. There have been few studies that look at LA function following MV replacement. LA strain may be used to power LA reservoirs, conduits, and pumps. TMR causes atrial re-modeling in the left ventricle. The use of 3DE enables for more precise and dependable estimation of LA emptying fractions (total, active, and passive). In terms of estimating LA quantities, 3DE is currently more accurate than 2DE. We wanted to look at these issues.Objectives: The current work aimed to evaluate early improvement in left atrial remodeling and function after mitral valve replacement in organic symptomatic mitral regurgitation assessed by three-dimensional echocardiography in Al-Hussein University Hospital.Methods: Prospective 3DE study that was performed on 60 patients with symptomatic chronic organic MR before and after surgery (valve replacement with prosthetic mechanical valve). Additionally, the maximum volume (Vol-max), lowest volume (Vol-min), and pre-contraction volume (Vol-preA) volumes of the LA were computed.Results: Mean age of patients was 48 ± 15 years. Mean BMI reached 26 ± 5 kg/m2. Mean systolic blood pressure reached 123 ± 16 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure reached 74 ± 8. Male to female ratio was 1:1 and 51.7% of participants had a previous history of hypertension. Regarding etiology of MR, rheumatic cause was in 33.3% of cases, mitral prolapse was the cause in most of the participants. Regarding 2DE variables of the patients, there was high significant difference between pre- and post-operative results in all variables except for LA total emptying fraction. There was no significant difference in pre and post-operative LA total emptying fraction results.Conclusion: After a successful surgery on the mitral valve, some patients who had an organic MR and intact LV function may have a reversal of LA remodeling and functional alterations. Before surgery, a rise in active atria emptying fraction (AAEF) is linked to an increase in LV relaxation capacity. Preoperative transmitral mean gradient variation and diastolic blood pressure are factors that influence short-term postoperative reverse remodeling of the left atrium in patients

Development of Thelohanellus hovorkai and Thelohanellus nikolskii (Myxosporea : Myxozoa) in oligochaete alternate hosts

The development of Thelohanellus hovorkai, a myxosporean parasite of the connective tissues, and Thelohanellus nikolskii, a fin and scale parasite of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) was studied in experimentally infected oligochaetes Branchiura sowerbyi and Tubifex tubifex, respectively. After infection with mature spores of T. hovorkai, the development of actinosporean stages was first observed light microscopically in the gut of Branchiura sowerbyi 93 days after infection. Free actinospores of T. hovorkai were found in the lumen of the oligochaete's gut 101 days after infection. They were floating in water and showed a typical aurantiactinomyxon form. At 18-22 degrees C, aurantiactinomyxon spores of T. hovorkai emerged from the worms 104 days after infection. The development of T. nikolskii was examined in Tubifex tubifex, from which aurantiactinomyxon spores were released 60 days after infection at 22-24 degrees C. The diameter of spore body was 18.6 mu m and the lenght of caudal processes 29 mu m for T. hovorkai, while 21.1 mu m and 13.4 mu m for T. nikolskii, respectively. The prevalence of aurantiactinomyxon infection in B. sowerbyi for T. hovorkai proved to be 16.7%, while in T. tubifex for T. nikolskii it was 12.5%