Trace elements in stream bed sediments from agricultural catchments (Gascogne region, S-W France): Where do they come from?

The Gascogne region (SW of France) is cultivated for more than 75% of the area. 83 samples of stream bed sediments were collected in three main Gascogne river basins (Gers, Save and Touch, left tributaries of the Garonne river) to evaluate the impact of agricultural practices on trace elements behavior. Eight potential harmful elements (PHE) (Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd and Pb), four reference elements for normalization (Sc, Cs, Al and Fe) and four major elements (Mn, Ca, Mg and P) were considered. The average trace element concentrations in the fine fractions (b63 μm) are in the decreasing order: ZnNCrNNiNPbNCuNCoNAsNScNCsNCd. Geochemical investigations and an original approach combining regression analysis and chemical sequential extraction allowed to select the most adequate reference material (regional molasse)and reference element (Cs) for normalization procedure. The enrichment factor (EF) is generally lower than 2.5, particularly for Cr, Ni, Cu, As, Zn; however, 23% of the sampling stations are more contaminated (2.5bEFb4.5), particularly for Cd, Pb and Co. The PHE in the Gascogne river sediments are mainly originated from natural weathering processes; nevertheless, anthropogenic contribution could represent up to 34% of the total sediment content. For lead, geochemical and isotopic methods gave very similar anthropogenic contributions (24% and 22%, respectively). The enrichment of Cu, Pb, Zn, Co, As, Ni, Cr was mainly related to global and local atmospheric deposition of industrial emissions and gasoline combustion, and was associated to forested catchments. All PHE's are controlled by clay and oxi-hydroxides minerals. Cdwas the only PHE enriched downstreamcultivated catchments and this enrichmentwas linked to Ca and P. This indicates a major origin of Cd fromfertilizer inputs and a main control by carbonate mineral

The Impact of Microfinance in the Developing World

This research paper is about the impact of microfinance in the developing world. Microfinance is the provision of small-scale loans to low-income clients, most commonly in the developing world, for the purposes of beginning a microenterprise. The subject is a topic of contention in the global development community. My paper will explore the different arguments surrounding the concept

Distribution and origin of lead in stream sediments from small agricultural catchments draining Miocene molassic deposits (SW France)

Total Pb concentrations and isotopic composition were determined in stream-bed sediments and bedrock from 29 small agricultural or forested catchments in the Gascogne area (SW France). The contribution of Pb from various natural and anthropogenic sources was investigated in this rural area which is very weakly impacted by industrial or urban emissions. Environmental parameters in catchments (importance of forest cover, organic matter and oxide content in sediments) were considered. A combination of geochemical (enrichment calculation, sequential extraction) and isotopic investigations was performed to constrain the origin of Pb and the distribution of anthropogenic Pb in sediments. Most of the sediments have low total Pb content compared to other agricultural regions more impacted by industrial or urban emissions. The results indicated a moderate but significant Pb enrichment, particularly for catchments draining forested areas. This enrichment was positively related to organic C content in sediment and catchment forest cover, whereas in entirely cultivated catchments it was related to Fe-oxide content. An average anthropogenic end-member was determined using Pb isotopes, and was supposed to be representative of background atmospheric Pb pollution, with a weak influence of Pb from recent gasoline and local fertiliser spreading. The amount of anthropogenic Pb (Pbanthr) in sediments estimated using a geochemical approach (mean 63.7 ± 20.4%) was higher than that estimated using an isotopic approach (mean 36.6 ± 17.8%), but the same trend was observed among the samples, except for low anthropogenic contributions. The distribution of Pbanthr in sediments from weakly forested catchments indicated a strong affinity for carbonates and Fe-oxides. Amorphous Fe-oxides became preferential trapping compounds as soon as Pb enrichment increased and carbonate content decreased. Finally, in cultivated catchments, organic C was not a main trapping component for Pbanthr in sediments

Toxicity of Pb and of Pb/Cd combination on the springtail Folsomia candida in natural soils: Reproduction, growth and bioaccumulation as indicators

The toxicity of Pb and Cd+Pb was assessed on the Collembola F. candida in two cultivated soils (SV and AU) with low organic matter (OM) content and circumneutral to basic pH, and an acid forested soil (EPC) with high OM content. Collembola reproduction and growth as well as metal content in Collembola body, in soil, exchangeable fraction and soil solutions, pH and DOC were investigated. Pb and Cd+Pb were the highest in exchangeable fraction and soil solution of the acidic soils. Soil solution pH decreased after metal spiking in every soil due to metal adsorption, which was similar for Cd and the highest in AU for Pb. With increasing Pb and Cd+Pb, the most important reproduction decrease was in EPC soil. The LOEC for reproduction after metal addition was 2400 (Pb) and 200/2400 (Cd/Pb), 1200 and 100/1200, 300 and 100/1200 μg g−1 for AU, SV and EPC, respectively. The highest and the lowest Pb toxicity was observed for EPC and AU bulk soil, respectively. The metal in Collembola increased with increasing soil concentration, except in AU, but the decreasing BFsolution with increasing concentrations indicates a limited metal transfer to Collembola or an increased metal removal. Loading high Pb concentrations decreases Cd absorption by the Collembola, but the reverse was not true. The highest Pb toxicity in EPC can be explained by pH and OM content. Because of metal complexation, OM might have a protective role but its ingestion by Collembola lead to higher toxicity. Metal bioavailability in Collembola differs from soil solution indicating that soil solution is not sufficient to evaluate toxicity in soil organisms. The toxicity as a whole decreased when metals were combined, except for Pb in AU, due to adsorption competition between Cd and Pb on clay particles and OM sites in AU and EPC soils, respectively

Determining cadmium critical concentrations in natural soils by assessing Collembola mortality, reproduction and growth

The toxicity of cadmium for the Collembola Folsomia candida was studied by determining the effects of increasing Cd concentrations on growth, survival and reproduction in three cultivated and forested soils with different pH (4.5–8.2) and organic matter content (1.6–16.5%). The Cd concentration in soil CaCl2 exchangeable fraction, in soil solution and in Collembola body was determined. At similar total soil concentrations, the Cd concentration in soil solutions strongly decreased with increasing pH. Reproduction was the most sensitive parameter. Low organic matter content was a limiting factor for reproduction. Effect of Cd on reproduction was better described by soil or body concentrations than by soil solution concentration. Values of EC50-Repro expressed on the basis of nominal soil concentration were 182, 111 and 107 μg g−1, respectively, for a carbonated cultivated soil (AU), an acid forested soil with high organic matter (EPC) and a circumneutral cultivated soil with low organic content (SV). Sensitivity to Cd was enhanced for low OM content and acidic pH. The effect of Cd on reproduction is not directly related to Cd concentration in soil solution for carbonated soil: a very low value is found for EC50-Repro (0.17) based on soil solution for the soil with the highest pH (AU; pH=8.2). Chronic toxicity cannot be predicted on the basis of soluble fractions. Critical concentrations were 8×10−5, 1.1, 0.3 μg mL−1, respectively, for AU, EPC and SV soils

Maturity and Fecundity of the White Perch, Morone americana, in Western Lake Erie

Author Institution: Sandusky Biological Station, Great Lakes Fishery Laboratory, U.S. Fish and Wildlife ServiceAmong white perch {Morone americana) collected from bottom trawl catches in 1984 and commercial trap net catches in 1985, all males were mature at age 2, and all females by age 3. Fecundity estimates for 50 females collected in May, 1985 ranged from 64,480 to 388,736 eggs (x ± SE=174,945±10,198)

Korea housing guaranty program 1977-78

노트 : Evaluation period: 1977-197

A Combustion Research Facility for Testing Advanced Materials for Space Applications

The test facility presented herein uses a groundbased rocket combustor to test the durability of new ceramic composite and metallic materials in a rocket engine thermal environment. A gaseous H2/02 rocket combustor (essentially a ground-based rocket engine) is used to generate a high temperature/high heat flux environment to which advanced ceramic and/or metallic materials are exposed. These materials can either be an integral part of the combustor (nozzle, thrust chamber etc) or can be mounted downstream of the combustor in the combustor exhaust plume. The test materials can be uncooled, water cooled or cooled with gaseous hydrogen

Hubungan Faktor Pendukung Customer Relationship Management Dengan Loyalitas Pasien Poli Interna

Klinik bertanggung jawab menjalankan program customer relationship management untuk proses adaptasi klinik dengan pelanggannya. Setiap devisi, klinik dan petugas pelayanan harus mengetahui tentang program tersebut, tujuan-tujuannya, dan yang paling penting apa peranan dan bagaimana mereka dapat memberikan kontribusi menjalankan program itu. Penelitian bertujuan mengidentifikasi hubungan faktor pendukung customer relationship management dengan loyalitas pasien di poli interna klinik Ratulangi Medical Centre Kota Makassar. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kuantitatif menggunakan survey analitik dengan rancangan cross sectional study. Populasi penelitian adalah pasien yang berkunjung di poli interna tahun 2017, yaitu 1296 pasien dengan jumlah sampel 117 pasien yang dipilih dengan cara random sampling. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dari uji statistik diperoleh nilai petugas pelayanan p=0.559, proses pelayanan p=0.740, dan teknologi pelayanan p=0.760. Semua variabel faktor customer relationship management tidak berhubungan dengan loyalitas pasien. Hal ini dilihat dengan keputusan tingkat loyalitas pasien, sebagian besar melihat aspek petugas pelayanan yang dimiliki klinik Ratulangi Medical Centre. Petugas pelayanan, sebagian besar pasien setuju bahwa petugas mampu memberikan kemampuan, keterampilan, dan keramahan kepada pasien. Proses pelayanan, sebagian besar pasien setuju bahwa proses pelayanan mudah dilakukan, membantu petugas mengenali dan menjalin hubungan dekat dengan pasien. Dimensi proses terbentuk karena identifikasi profil, komunikasi dengan pelanggan, dan penanganan keluhan pasien. Teknologi pelayanan, beberapa pasien setuju bahwa teknologi pelayanan mempermudah informasi, mempercepat dan mengoptimalkan faktor manusia dan proses bisnis dalam aktivitas pengelolaan hubungan dengan pasien. Sehingga disimpulkan bahwa tidak terdapat hubungan faktor pendukung customer relationship management dengan loyalitas pasien. Disarankan kepada pihak rumah sakit agar lebih meningkatkan strategi pemasaran