Regional differentiation in the Russian federation: A cluster-based typification

The paper gives a socio-economic analysis of the 89 regions of the Russian Federation. This analysis is implemented in four steps: 1) elaboration of a set of indicators defining the socio-economic situation in all 89 regions of the Russian Federation plus procedures to replace groups of correlated indicators with single estimated (synthetic) targets 2) preparation of the procedure for regions' ordering within multidimensional space (regions' ranking) in relation to the statement base year 1992 and within year-to-year series (1993,1994) 3)clustering of all Russian Federation regions according to their principal types and drawing on the regional typification and providing a rationale for the sorting out of backward and prosperous regions, those in depression and those considered to be border areas 4)description of the problem character of the specific types. The resulting typification . provides a methodological and procedural basis for monitoring the socio-economic situation in the regions of the Russian Federation . can be helpful in preparing scientific foundations of a comprehensive trageted government program . presents an element for further studies on reguonal development in the Russian Federation.

Direct coupling of nonlinear integrated cavities for all-optical reservoir computing

We consider theoretically a network of directly coupled optical microcavities to implement a space-multiplexed optical neural network in an integrated nanophotonic circuit. Nonlinear photonic network integrations based on direct coupling ensures a highly dense integration, reducing the chip footprint by several orders of magnitude compared to other implementations. Different nonlinear effects inherent to such microcavities are studied when used for realizing an all-optical autonomous computing substrate, here based on the reservoir computing concept. We provide an in-depth analysis of the impact of basic microcavity parameters on computational metrics of the system, namely, the dimensionality and the consistency. Importantly, we find that differences between frequencies and bandwidths of supermodes formed by the direct coupling is the determining factor of the reservoir's dimensionality and its scalability. The network's dimensionality can be improved with frequency-shifting nonlinear effects such as the Kerr effect, while two-photon absorption has an opposite effect. Finally, we demonstrate in simulation that the proposed reservoir is capable of solving the Mackey-Glass prediction and the optical signal recovery tasks at GHz timescale

Mineviku aktualiseerimine Eesti teleuudistes veebruaris ja märtsis 2009

The frequent contemporary construction of the past events is subject to exceedingly different forms of media. The thesis at hand has selected the form of televised media and the format of the newscast, focusing upon the definite actualization of past events. The theoretical section of the thesis analyzes how the news media shapes our collective memory, the specific impact that the television as a visual media has upon it, the role of the reporter and how the past and history are actualized in case of anniversaries and events of considerable magnitude. The objectives of the thesis at hand include mapping the news stream by means of content analysis and to focus on the anniversary journalism utilizing qualitative text analysis. The secondary goal of the thesis was to assess the narrative manifestation and its origins. Among the significant conclusions of the thesis is the major actualization of anniversary journalism during certain time periods, whereas other such periods can be rendered without sufficient attention. The past were contextualized primarily within the framework of the present, serving these events as a background item, providing an element of duration, place or context. The qualitative analysis was utilized to evaluate the televised newscasts reporting the deportation theme, wherein the discourse between the victim and the enemy are clearly defined. This analysis was performed on a macro level upon reported article texts as well as through the personal recollections of the victims.http://tartu.ester.ee/record=b2510220~S1*es

The approximate solution of singular integral equations

A computational scheme of collocation type is proposed for a singular linear integral equation with a power singularity in the regular integral and the justification is given. The results obtained are used to justify the approximate solution of the singular integral equation {Mathematical expression} by a modification of the method of minimal residuals. © 1973 Consultants Bureau

Personal data protection on the internet under martial law: The case of Ukraine

The objective of this study is to determine the threats to the security of personal data on the Internet as a component of the right to privacy in the conditions of martial law, characteristics and prospects of such legal data protection in the context of Ukraine. Methodology: The study used a set of practical methods, namely: formal and legal, comparative forecasting. These methods were used to examine and classify threats to the security of personal data on the Internet under martial law conditions. Results: The study identified a number of threats to the security of personal data on the Internet under martial law conditions, including: unauthorized access to personal data, alteration or destruction of personal data, disclosure of personal data to third parties without the consent of the data owner, use of personal data for unlawful purposes. The study also examined factors that complicate data protection during cross-border sharing, including: differences in data protection laws and regulations between countries, lack of cooperation between governments on data protection, the complexity of cross-border data exchange processes. Conclusions: The findings of the study suggest that increasing the protection of personal data under martial law conditions requires a comprehensive approach that includes regulatory, organizational and communication measures. In particular, it is necessary to: strengthen data protection legislation under martial law conditions, develop cooperation mechanisms between governments on data protection, promote data protection education and awareness among citizens and organizations

COMPARISON OF THE PARAMETERS OF SIGNALS WITH EXTERNAL ILLUMINATION FOR SUPERVISION OF THE AREA FOR THE PROTECTION OF IMPORTANT STATE OBJECTS

In modern conditions, it becomes necessary to create security systems, surveillance systems, anti-terrorist systems that carry out covert detection and surveillance of small-sized ground objects, including biological ones. Traditionally used single-position radars are ineffective in conditions of a large number of reflections that interfere with and low speed of movement of detected objects (people). The use of several such radars is impractical due to their rather high complexity and cost. In addition, it is impossible to ensure the secrecy of such systems. The construction of radar surveillance systems in the form of semi-active bistatic, including educational, radar systems is promising for the described conditions. One of the important issues in the construction of semi-active bistatic systems is the substantiation of the parameters of external illumination signals and the assessment of the attainable characteristics of such systems when using them. The analysis and definition of the requirements for the characteristics of the illumination signals is carried out. In addition, consider the features of using signals from modern emitting systems in semi-active radars. The basic parameters of the signals are given – the bandwidth, the pulse duration (spectrum width), the power at the transmitter output, the frequency range in which the system operates. The advantages and disadvantages of semi-active radar stations (SA RS), which use such signals, are described. Variants of semi-active bistatic systems with external illumination are determined. The widespread use of modern digital language and telecommunication systems provides the SA RS with effective illumination signals with good correlation properties, which makes it possible to obtain the necessary technical characteristics in a variety of application condition

METHOD OF PROTECTING SPECIALLY IMPORTANT OBJECTS BASED ON THE APPLICATION OF THE BISTATIC RADIOLOCATION TECHNIQUE

The solution of the tasks assigned to the National Guard of the state implies the presence of certain forces and means with the appropriate technical equipment. A well-known place among such tasks is security of important state facilities. Various physical effects and methods, including radar, are used to create security systems. The development of radar technology and technology made it possible to increase both the quantity and quality of the received information, as well as the use of radar stations for observing living objects. The industry today produces bioradioradars for detecting people and controlling their movements. All samples are made in a single-position version and have a relatively high cost, the fact of their work is easily detected, which facilitates their suppression, including force. In order to increase the secrecy of work, it is proposed to use the methods of separated, more precisely, bistatic location to control the area in front of particularly important objects. The defining detection index is the effective reflective surface (ERS), which is about 1 m2 for a person. Equipment, weapons and protective equipment contributes to the increase in the ERS. Given the small reflective surface of biological objects, it is proposed to limit the area of responsibility to the sector form in which, at a certain bistatic angle, the effect of a significant increase in the signal/(interference+noise) ratio is manifested. For a specific definition of the gain, it is necessary to choose the operating frequency of the bistatic system and its geometry. For greater secrecy, it is advisable to use the transmitters of radio and television broadcasting, mobile communications, etc. The estimates found, for example, when using digital television transmitters (T2), indicate that the creation of a secretive bistatic system is quite possible – at least in a geometric interpretation

Определение параметров электронных устройств методом пассивной радиосенсорной технической диагностики

Introduction. Technical diagnostics (TD) as a nascent discipline is rapidly developing in the field of both software and hardware. Modern TD methods, such as vibrometry, thermal control, JTAG testing and optical control, either exhibit high inertia, consume processor time, require suspension of the electronic device, or demand a galvanic contact with the study object, which is often unacceptable. These disadvantages can be eliminated by passive radio-sensor TD. To date, little information has been published on the parameters of electronic devices provided by this method.Aim. Determination of the parameters of electronic devices, the assessment of which can be provided by passive radio-sensor TD.Materials and methods. Signal radio profiles were obtained experimentally using metrological equipment and software-numerical methods for modeling radio wave processes. The parameters of the signal radio profile were calculated by a mathematical method for solving differential equations.Results. The main principles and results of radio-sensor TD, as well as the simplest toolkit, are shown. An equation is obtained for the signal radio profile emitted by the electronic unit of the device, as well as an expression for its free components. An approach for assessing the TD correctness based on the number of free components of the received signal radio profile and the reference is described. The possibility of obtaining information about temperature, voltage drop, speed of emitting nodes, as well as the state of its components and modes of operation of p–njunctions is demonstrated. It is shown that this information is carried by the parameters of the basic equation for the signal radio profile.Conclusion. The derived basic equation allows a non-contact, remote passive radio-sensor TD to be conducted by correlation analysis of the received signal, providing a detailed examination of malfunctions in each electronic unit. The described TD method based on the presented parameters is promising for assessing the technical state of electronic devices.Введение. В настоящее время техническая диагностика (ТД) стремительно развивается как в области программных средств, так и в аппаратной среде. Несмотря на это современные методы ТД (виброметрия, тепловой контроль, JTAG-тестирование, оптический контроль) либо обладают высокой инерцией, занимают процессорное время, требуют остановки функционирования электронного устройства, либо требуют гальванического контакта с объектом исследования, что зачастую недопустимо. Данные недостатки позволяет устранить пассивная радиосенсорная ТД. В современной научной литературе практически не определены параметры технического диагностирования электронных устройств, которые она обеспечивает.Цель работы. Представление параметров электронных устройств, оценку которых может обеспечить пассивная радиосенсорная ТД.Материалы и методы. Для получения сигнальных радиопрофилей использовались методы проведения экспериментальных исследований с применением метрологического оборудования, программно-численные методы моделирования радиоволновых процессов и анализа результатов. С целью нахождения параметров сигнального радиопрофиля использовался математический метод решения дифференциальных уравнений.Результаты. Освещены основные принципы, результаты и инструментарий радиосенсорной ТД. Получено уравнение для сигнального радиопрофиля, излучаемого электронным узлом устройства, а также выражение для его свободных составляющих. Показан способ оценки корректности проведения ТД при известном числе свободных составляющих принятого сигнального радиопрофиля и репера. Представлена возможность получения информации о температуре, падении напряжения, быстродействии излучающих узлов, а также состоянии входящих в него компонентов и режимах работы p–n-переходов. Показано, что данную информацию несут в себе параметры уравнения для сигнального радиопрофиля.Заключение. Полученное основное уравнение позволяет провести бесконтактную, дистанционную пассивную радиосенсорную ТД не только методом корреляционного анализа принятого сигнала, но и с детальным разбором типа неисправности каждого электронного узла. Данный метод ТД с использованием значений представленных параметров открывает новые возможности в области исследования технического состояния электронных устройств