Flemish general dental practitioners' knowledge of dental radiology

The aim of this study was to assess general dental practitioners' knowledge of dental radiography and radiation protection in order to alert the Belgian authorities and dental professional societies. Prior to attending a postgraduate course on intraoral radiology, general dental practitioners in Flanders, Belgium, were asked to fill in a questionnaire regarding the radiological equipment and the techniques they used for intraoral radiography. The availability and type of dental panoramic equipment were also assessed. A total of 374 questionnaires were available for this study. 15% of the attendants used radiographic equipment that was more than 27 years old and 43% reported equipment that operated with a clockwork timer. 32% and 75% respectively had no idea what the kV or mA settings were on their intraoral equipment. 5% were unaware which cone geometry or geometric technique (paralleling or bisecting angle technique) they were using. 81% claimed to be using a short cone technique. 47% did not know what collimation meant, whereas 40% stated that they were using circular collimation. 38% used digital intraoral image detectors (63% were photostimulable storage phosphorplate (PSPP)), but 16% were not sure about the type of sensor they were using (PSPP or solid-state sensors). 61% also had dental panoramic equipment available, 25% of which was digital (10% charge coupled device (CCD) and 15% PSPP). These results clearly indicate the need for continued education on this subject. The latter is an important signal to Belgian authorities and dental professional societies

Lessons Learned on Gender Equality

The purpose of this evaluation study is twofold: Firstly, to compile lessons learned from Danida evaluations, evaluation studies and other evaluation publications, and secondly, to distil a set of recommendations relevant to the roll-out of The Right to a Better Life (2012), more particularly the planned update of Danida's strategy, Gender Equality in Danish Development Cooperation (2004). The evaluation study was carried out between June and September 2013. The methodology is based on a desk review of Danida evaluation publications carried out between 2004 and 2013, and comprises three interconnected phases:1. Screening of a long list of 104 evaluation publications2. Analysis of 26 shortlisted evaluations3. Reporting findings and recommendatio

El aprendizaje servicio en la Universitat de Barcelona

Esta comunicación presenta los cinco núcleos que actualmente existen de aprendizaje servicio en la Universitat de Barcelona, a partir del trabajo de promoción y detección que está realizando el grupo ApS (UB): Derecho, Educación, Filología, Saludy Economía. Además de exponer la variedad de experiencias que se están llevando acabo, también se apuntan algunos retos a nivel formativo, organizativo e investigadorpara la extensión e institucionalización del ApS en la universidad

American Philosophical Society Finding Aid for JAX Oral History

In 1929, the geneticist C. C. Little founded the Roscoe B. Jackson Memorial Laboratory in Bar Harbor, Maine, a major center for the study of mammalian genetics, cancer, and related areas in basic biomedical research. An independent institution, the Lab has maintained a consistent scientific reputation both as a supplier of inbred strains of mice for genetic and biomedical research and for the scientific achievements of its researchers. Conducted by Susan Mehrtens in 1986, the Oral History Collection includes transcripts of extensive interviews with fifty scientists, administrators, and staff members of the Jackson Laboratory. At greater or lesser length depending on the subject, the interviews provide a detailed picture of the operations and administration at the laboratory, the culture of research, the sometimes contentious staff relations, and the research itself

Numerical investigation of the flow over a model transonic turbine blade tip

Direct numerical simulations (DNS) are used to investigate the unsteady flow over a model turbine blade tip at engine-scale Reynolds and Mach numbers. The DNS are performed with an in-house multiblock structured compressible Navier–Stokes solver. The particular case of a transonic tip flow is studied since previous work has suggested that compressibility has an important effect on the turbulent nature of the separation bubble at the inlet to the tip–casing gap and subsequent flow reattachment. The flow is simulated over an idealized tip geometry where the tip gap is represented by a constant-area channel with a sharp inlet corner to represent the pressure side edge of the turbine blade. The effects of free-stream disturbances, cross-flow and the pressure side boundary layer on the tip flow aerodynamics and heat transfer are studied. For ‘clean’ inflow cases we find that even at engine-scale Reynolds numbers the tip flow is intermittent in nature, i.e. neither laminar nor fully turbulent. The breakdown to turbulence occurs through the development of spanwise streaks with wavelengths of approximately 15 %–20 % of the gap height. Multidimensional linear stability analysis confirms the two-dimensional base state to be most unstable with respect to spanwise wavelengths of 25 % of the gap height. The linear stability analysis also shows that the addition of cross-flows with 25 % of the streamwise gap exit velocity increases the stability of the tip flow. This is confirmed by the DNS, which also show that the turbulence production is significantly reduced in the separation bubble. For the case when free-stream disturbances are added to the inlet flow, viscous dissipation and the rapid acceleration of the flow at the inlet to the tip–casing gap cause significant distortion of the vorticity field and reductions of turbulence intensity as the flow enters the tip gap. The DNS results also suggest that the assumption of the Reynolds analogy and a constant recovery factor are not accurate, in particular in regions where the skin friction approaches zero while significant temperature gradients remain, such as in the vicinity of flow reattachment.Computer time was provided by the UK turbulence consortium under EPSRC grant EP/L000261/1. This work was also supported by resources provided by The Pawsey Supercomputing Centre with funding from the Australian Government and the Government of Western Australia.This is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from Cambridge University Press via https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2016.47

An experimental and computational study of tip clearance effects on a transonic turbine stage

This paper describes an experimental and computational investigation into the influence of tip clearance on the blade tip heat load of a high-pressure (HP) turbine stage. Experiments were performed in the Oxford Rotor facility which is a 1½ stage, shroudless, transonic, high pressure turbine. The experiments were conducted at an engine representative Mach number and Reynolds number. Rotating frame instrumentation was used to capture both aerodynamic and heat flux data within the rotor blade row. Two rotor blade tip clearances were tested (1.5% and 1.0% of blade span). The experiments were compared with computational fluid dynamics (CFD) predictions made using a steady Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) solver. The experiments and computational predictions were in good agreement. The blade tip heat transfer was observed to increase with reduced tip gap in both the CFD and the experiment. The augmentation of tip heat load at smaller clearances was found to be due to the ingestion of high relative total temperature fluid near the casing, generated through casing shear.This work was sponsored by Rolls-Royce plc and the Isle of Man Government.This is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from Elsevier via http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2015.09.00

Synchrony and Elementary Operations on Coupled Cell Networks

Given a finite graph (network), let every node (cell) represent an individual dynamics given by a system of ordinary differential equations, and every arrow (edge) encode the dynamical influence of the tail node on the head node. We have then defined a coupled cell system that is associated with the given network structure. Subspaces that are defined by equalities of cell coordinates and left invariant under every coupled cell system respecting the network structure are called synchrony subspaces. They are completely determined by the network structure and form a complete lattice under set inclusions. We analyze the transition of the lattice of synchrony subspaces of a network that is caused by structural changes in the network topology, such as deletion and addition of cells or edges, and rewirings of edges. We give sufficient, and in some cases both sufficient and necessary, conditions under which lattice elements persist or disappear

Dominance biases in the perception and memory for the faces of powerholders, with consequences for social inferences

A great deal of research has shown that dominant-looking faces are afforded power. In this research, we tested the reverse link. As such, we examined whether knowledge of a target's power would lead to a dominance bias in face perception. Five studies were conducted by applying face morphing techniques to both controlled facial stimuli and faces of powerholders in the real world. Results showed that faces of powerholders were misrecollected (Studies 1A and 1B) and misperceived (Studies 3A and 3B) as more dominant-looking than their powerless counterparts. In addition, their faces were misrecollected as more prototypically dominant in physical appearance than they actually were (Studies 1A, 1B, and 2). Furthermore, enhanced facial dominance affected social inferences, with evaluations such as competence and attractiveness being sensitive to the gender of the target person (Study 3B). Implications for research on power and face perception are discussed

The mechanics of fibre-reinforced sand

Fibres can be an effective means of reinforcing soils. This paper presents data from laboratory triaxial tests on quartzitic sand reinforced with polypropylene fibres. By keeping the studied composite consistent throughout the study (host sand and fibre characteristics kept constant), it has been possible to develop a framework of behaviour for the sand-fibre material, which provides a solid base for future research on fibre-reinforced soils. Data from previous work and from new tests have been analysed within the Critical State framework, that is in terms of normal compression line, critical state line and state boundary surface.published_or_final_versio