Escape, Accretion or Star Formation? The Competing Depleters of Gas in the Quasar Markarian 231

We report on high resolution CO(1-0), CS(2-1) and 3mm continuum Combined Array for Research in Millimeter Astronomy (CARMA) observations of the molecular outflow host and nearest quasar Markarian 231. We use the CS(2-1) measurements to derive a dense gas mass within Mrk231 of $1.8\pm0.3\times10^{10}~M_\odot$, consistent with previous measurements. The CS(2-1) data also seem to indicate that the molecular disk of Mrk231 is forming stars at about normal efficiency. The high resolution CARMA observations were able to resolve the CO(1-0) outflow into two distinct lobes, allowing for a size estimate to be made and further constraining the molecular outflow dynamical time, further constraining the molecular gas escape rate. We find that 15% of the molecular gas within the Mrk231 outflow actually exceeds the escape velocity in the central kiloparsec. Assuming that molecular gas is not constantly being accelerated, we find the depletion timescale of molecular gas in Mrk231 to be 49Myr, rather than 32Myr, more consistent with the poststarburst stellar population observed in the system.Comment: 6 pages, 3 figures, 1 table, accepted by ApJ Letter

A Herschel and CARMA view of CO and [C II] in Hickson Compact groups

Understanding the evolution of galaxies from the starforming blue cloud to the quiescent red sequence has been revolutionized by observations taken with Herschel Space Observatory, and the onset of the era of sensitive millimeter interferometers, allowing astronomers to probe both cold dust as well as the cool interstellar medium in a large set of galaxies with unprecedented sensitivity. Recent Herschel observations of of H2-bright Hickson Compact Groups of galaxies (HCGs) has shown that [CII] may be boosted in diffuse shocked gas. CARMA CO(1-0) observations of these [CII]-bright HCGs has shown that these turbulent systems also can show suppression of SF. Here we present preliminary results from observations of HCGs with Herschel and CARMA, and their [CII] and CO(1-0) properties to discuss how shocks influence galaxy transitions and star formation.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figures, Proceedings for IAU Symposium 309, Galaxies in 3D across the Univers

Estimation of genetic variation by the components of gene diversity.

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NGC 1266 as a Local Candidate for Rapid Cessation of Star Formation

We present new Spectrographic Areal Unit for Research on Optical Nebulae (SAURON) integral-field spectroscopy and Swift Ultraviolet Optical Telescope (UVOT) observations of molecular outflow host galaxy NGC 1266 that indicate NGC 1266 has experienced a rapid cessation of star formation. Both the SAURON maps of stellar population age and the Swift UVOT observations demonstrate the presence of young (<1 Gyr) stellar populations within the central 1 kpc, while existing Combined Array for Research in Millimeter-Wave Astronomy CO(1-0) maps indicate that the sites of current star formation are constrained to only the inner few hundred parsecs of the galaxy. The optical spectrum of NGC 1266 from Moustakas & Kennicutt reveal a characteristic poststarburst (K+A) stellar population, and Davis et al. confirm that ionized gas emission in the system originate from a shock. Galaxies with K+A spectra and shock-like ionized gas line ratios may comprise an important, overlooked segment of the poststarburst population, containing exactly those objects in which the active galactic nucleus (AGN) is actively expelling the star-forming material. While AGN activity is not the likely driver of the poststarburst event that occurred 500 Myr ago, the faint spiral structure seen in the Hubble Space Telescope Wide-field Camera 3 Y-, J- and H-band imaging seems to point to the possibility of gravitational torques being the culprit. If the molecular gas were driven into the center at the same time as the larger scale galaxy disk underwent quenching, the AGN might be able to sustain the presence of molecular gas for ≳ 1 Gyr by cyclically injecting turbulent energy into the dense molecular gas via a radio jet, inhibiting star formation

Den döende patienten : en studie om optimal vård i livets slutskede

Examensarbetet handlar om vården av döende och hur den kunde förbättras. Examensarbetet är ett beställningsarbete till Sibbo kommun. Frågeställningarna i arbetet var: vilken är den optimala vården av döende enligt nyutgivna forskningar och hur kan vården av döende förbättras? Syftet med arbetet var att undersöka vad den optimala vården för de döende är idag. Som teoretisk referensram används Hilkka Sands doktorsavhandling i vårdvetenskap Sateenkaaren päästä löytyy kultaa och Varpu Lipponens doktorsavhandling i vårdvetenskap Läheisyyttä ja etäisyyttä kuoleman lähestyessä, vilka båda fokuserar på vården av patienter i livets slutskede. Som datainsamlingsmetod har använts sökningar i databaserna Cinahl (EBSCO) och SAGE journal, från vilka forskningar har valts ut att motsvara studiens syfte. Dessa forskningar har analyserats genom kvalitativ, induktiv innehållsanalys. Materialet har analyserats ur patient-, familje- och vårdarperspektiv, som sedan bildar en helhetsbild om den optimala vården. Ur resultaten steg det fyra viktiga punkter fram: kommunikation, tid, adekvat smärtlindring och familjen. Den optimala vården för döende enligt nyutgivna artiklar skulle alltså ta i beaktande patienten, patientens relation med vårdaren, patientens relation med familjen, patientens familj, kommunikationen med vård- och läkarpersonalen samt tiden att tala och lära känna patienten och familjen. Enligt studien är det bara via grundlig kontakt som vårdaren kan lära känna patientens riktiga jag, vilket kräver mycket mera tid och resurser än givna.The thesis is about the care of the dying and how it can be improved. The thesis is commissioned by Sibbo. The research questions for this thesis were: what is the optimal way of caring for the dying according to new studies and how is the care of the dying improved. The purpose of the thesis is to research the optimal care of dying patients today. Hilkka Sand’s doctoral dissertation Sateenkaaren pasta löytyy kultaa and Varpu Lipponen’s doctoral dissertation Läheisyyttä ja etäisyyttä kuoleman lähestyessä, which both focus on end of life care, are used as theoretical framework. Information was gathered with the help of databases Cinahl (EBSCO) and SAGE journal from which studies were chosen to meet the purpose. The studies have been analyzed through a qualitative inductive analysis. The material has been analyzed from patient, family and nurse perspectives, which form a theory of the optimal care of the dying in its wholeness. Four important facts were found in the results: communication, time, adequate pain relief and the family. The optimal care of the dying according to new studies would focus on the patient, the patient’s relationship with the nurse, the patient’s relationship with the family, the patient’s family, the communication between the professionals and the time to talk and get to know the patient and the family. According to the thesis, it is only through thorough contact that the nurse will be able to get to know the patient’s real me, which needs much more time and resources than given

Trade credit use during a financial crisis: Evidence from the U.K. of a non-existing trade credit channel

Purpose of the Study Extensive previous research exists on the use of trade credit during tight monetary policy. Several studies have found evidence of a trade credit channel when monetary policy triggers bank credit rationing, but prior research on trade credit during financial crises is still limited. The results of Love et al. (2007) from large firms in developing markets suggest the use of trade credit may behave differently in a severe credit crunch than during times of tight monetary policy. This study broadens the previous research on trade credit use by concentrating on both large and small firms in a developed financial market during a crisis, and asks whether the use of trade credit changes during a financial crisis, and whether firms’ vulnerability to the crisis affects this potential change. Data The analysis is based on a panel data of 1,084 manufacturing firms in the U.K. collected from Orbis database. The firms are versatile in terms of size and public listing. The research period ranges from 2004 to 2008, in which the last two years are treated as crisis years and the previous years are included for comparison. Results The results show robust evidence of a declining use of trade credit in 2008 and some limited evidence of a decline already in 2007. There is no support for a trade credit channel. Firm size is found to be positively related with the provision of trade credit in 2008, but the magnitude of the effect is small in relation to the overall negative effect of the year. Larger firms seem to be decreasing their provision of trade credit less than smaller firms, but size is also positively related to change in obtained trade credit during both 2007 and 2008

Reading Pictures, Constructing Narratives: A Study upon Pictorial Narrativity and a

This pro gradu thesis aims to find out how pictorial narrativity can be defined. It also aims to explore photograph's narrative potential through narrative analysis of work photography. The research material consists of 20 black&white photographs taken by Jaakko Alatalo in 1980's–1990's. In addition to the principles of narrative research, the analysis also leans on the tradition of semiotics and stretches some concepts of narratology to be used in analysis of pictorial representations. The theoretical framework of the study consists of controversial scientific discussion about narratives, narrativity and pictures' ability to tell stories. Many theorists tend to point out that the main problem in narrativity of a single still picture is its inability in representing temporal continuum of events. The author's approach to the subject is interpretatororientated and it also has emphasis on intentionality; narrativity of a picture is a matter of photographer's intention and receiver's activity as an interpretator. The research results of the narrative analysis of work photography gave a subjective insight to the work culture of Western Lapland in 1980's and 1990's by categorizing photographs into five different types of narratives. The analysis also showed that there are different levels of narrativity and that the viewer's role in the construction of a narrative is emphasized if the picture's level of narrativity is low.acceptedVersio

Englantipainotteinen esiopetusryhmä Lappeenrannan varhaiskasvatuksessa

Tämän opinnäytetyön tarkoituksena oli selvittää, miten englantipainotteisuus näkyy lappeenrantalaisen Kesämäen päiväkodin esiopetusryhmän toiminnassa. Lisäksi tarkoituksena oli selvittää, mitkä asiat ovat ryhmän työntekijöiden mielestä olennaisia ryhmän toiminnassa. Opinnäytetyön tavoitteena oli koota monipuolinen tietopaketti ja näin lisätä vanhempien tietoutta ryhmän toiminnasta. Opinnäytetyön teoreettisessa viitekehyksessä käsitellään yleisesti varhaiskasvatusta, esiopetusta sekä vieraan kielen opetustapoja varhaiskasvatuksessa. Lisäksi opinnäytetyön teoriaosuudessa on kerättynä tietoa lapsen kielen oppimiseen vaikuttavista tekijöistä ja lapsen kielen kehittymisestä. Tämä opinnäytetyö toteutettiin toiminnallisena opinnäytetyönä, jossa käytettiin laadullisia tutkimusmenetelmiä. Aineisto kerättiin kolmen työntekijän ryhmähaastattelulla ja esiopetusryhmän toiminnan havainnoinnilla yhden esiopetuspäivän aikana. Tuloksena syntyi esite. Tutkimustuloksista ilmeni, että englannin kieltä käytetään ryhmässä päivittäin arjen eri tilanteissa. Aamupalalla ja lounaalla aikuinen kertoo englanniksi, mitä on ruoaksi ja pukeutumistilanteissa hän antaa ohjeet englanniksi. Erityisesti aamupiirissä englantia käytetään ahkerasti. Aamupiirin aikana keskustellaan, lauletaan ja leikitään englannin kielellä. Lisäksi ryhmässä pidetään noin kaksi kertaa kuukaudessa englannin kielen kerho, jossa opetellaan aikuisen johdolla muun muassa englanninkielistä sanastoa lapsille läheisistä aihepiireistä. Haastattelussa työntekijät kertoivat ryhmän toiminnan vaihtelevan viikoittain, ja he nostivat esiin muun muassa laulujen ja pelien tärkeyden vieraan kielen oppimisen tukemisessa. Jatkotutkimusaiheina tälle opinnäytetyölle voisi olla esimerkiksi tutkia, kuinka erilaiset kielen oppimista tukevat menetelmät vaikuttavat lasten kielen oppimiseen tai kuinka kasvatuskumppanuus tukee lapsen vieraan kielen kehittymistä.The purpose of this thesis was to find out how English orientation shows in the operation of English oriented preschool group and what the employees consider as essential for the group. To support the purpose of the thesis a brochure for parents was created to give information about the group’s English activities. The thesis was carried out by using qualitative research methods. The material for was collected during one preschool day by group interviews of three employees and by observation of the preschool group. The theoretical part of the thesis consist of early childhood and preschool education and foreign language teaching methods in early childhood education. Also theory of child’s language learning and language development was included. The results showed that English language is in everyday situation, such as lunch time conversation, while getting dressed and during play. Twice a month English club was held to learn English vocabulary. At the interview employees told that activities of the group vary weekly and they also brought up for example the importance of songs and games in supporting children to learn foreign language. Further research could cover topic such as how different kinds of methods support and influence children’s language learning and how parent-teacher co-operated learning and teaching supports child’s foreign language development