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Higher Education and Entrepreneurship: The Relation between College Educational Background and Small Business Success in Texas
This study examined the relationship between success of small businesses and the educational backgrounds of their owners. A survey composed of questions concerning demographics, educational backgrounds, and business success was mailed to 1100 businesses in Dallas, Denton, and Tarrant counties in Texas. There were 228 usable responses which were analyzed by using the Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS12). Data were sorted so that educational level, sales volume, number of employees, and longevity, were identified on a 5-point ordinal scale. Educational major was identified on a 5-point nominal scale. Pearson's correlation was used to determine whether relationships existed between founders' educational background and small business success. Spearman's correlation was used to determine the direction and strength of the relationships. Then educational level and major were combined with age, gender, ethnicity, and industry, to determine the relationships between founders' educational background, and business success. For this purpose a canonical correlation was used. Five opinion questions concerned influence of college education on business success among college graduates and non-college graduates were identified on a 5-point Likert scale and tested using one-way ANOVA, and independent sample t-test. When educational level and major were the only predictors of business success, a statistically significant relationship was found between years of formal education, and sales volume. When educational level and major were combined with age, gender, ethnicity, and industry, a statistically significant relationship was found between founders' educational level and age, and business success. A statistically significant and negative relationship was found between founders' educational major and industry, and business success. All opinion questions revealed statistically significant relationships between owner's college education and business success. These relationships indicate the ability for the owner to learn, adapt and maintain a successful business. The influence of a college education on small business success was noticeable and reflects the continuing need for higher education to cope with technological advances, business competition, and the changing global economy
عوامل مرتبط با بروز بیماری سل و میزان موفقیت درمان آن در شهرستان رامهرمز طی سالهای 1399- 1386
Background and Aims The global burden of tuberculosis (TB) is ranked tenth. Stopping the TB epidemic in 2035 is one of the sustainable development goals. This study was therefore conducted to determine the factors associated with the incidence of tuberculosis and the success rate of tuberculosis treatment in Ramhormoz.
Materials and Methods: This is a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted in 2021. The study population included patients who had a registered medical record in Ramhormoz Health Center from 2007 to 2020. Then the data were entered into SPSS16 software and analyzed using descriptive tests (frequency, percentage, mean and standard deviation) and inferential tests (chi-square test). Ethical considerations were observed in this study.
Results: The total number of identified tuberculosis cases was 154 person. In general, the average incidence of tuberculosis during the study period in Ramhormoz city was equal to 10.05 per hundred thousand people. The average incidence of tuberculosis was 10.58 in 100,000 men and 10.43 in 100,000 women. Also, the incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis was 6.51 percent per thousand, the extrapulmonary type was 3.72 percent per thousand, and the success rate of disease treatment in the study period reached 90.9 percent, which was albeit different for men and women.
Conclusion: The incidence of tuberculosis (positive smear pulmonary tuberculosis and extrapulmonary tuberculosis) and the success rate of its treatment in Ramhormoz city were almost favorable, but the diagnosis of negative smear pulmonary tuberculosis cases was not encouraging.زمینه و اهداف: توقف اپیدمی بیماری سل در سال 2035 از اهداف توسعه پایدار میباشد. لذا این مطالعه با هدف تعیین عوامل مرتبط با بروز بیماری سل و میزان موفقیت درمان بیماری سل در شهرستان رامهرمز انجام شد.
مواد و روشها: این مطالعه از نوع توصیفی - مقطعی است که در سال 1400 انجام شد. جمعیت مورد مطالعه شامل بیمارانی بودند که از سال1386 تا سال 1399 در مرکز بهداشت شهرستان رامهرمز پرونده درمانی ثبت شده داشتهاند و با رعایت اصل محرمانگی و حقوق بیمار وارد مطالعه شدند. سپس دادهها وارد نرمافزار SPSS16 شد و با استفاده از آزمونهای توصیفی (فراوانی، درصد، میانگین و انحراف معیار) و استنباطی(آزمون مربع کای) مورد تحلیل قرار گرفت. در این پژوهش ملاحظات اخلاقی رعایت گردید.
يافتهها: تعداد کل موارد سل شناسـایی شـده 154 نفر بود و به طور کلی متوسط میزان بروز سل در طی سالهای 86 تا 99 در شهرستان رامهرمز برابر با 10/05 در صد هزار نفر بود. متوسط میزان بروز سل در مردان 10/58 و در زنان 10/43 در صدهزارنفر بود. همچنین میزان بروز نوع سل ریوی 6/51 در صد در هزار نفر و نوع خارج ریوی 3/72 درصد در هزار نفر و میزان موفقیت درمان بیماری در بازه زمانی مورد مطالعه 90/9 درصد بود که گروه زنان و مردان متفاوت بود.
نتيجهگيري: بروزبیماری سل (سل ریوی اسمیر مثبت و سل خارج ریوی) و میزان موفقیت درمان آن در شهرستان رامهرمز تقریبا وضعیت مطلوبی داشته ولی از نظر تشخیص موارد سل ریوی اسمیر منفی وضعیت مطلوبی نداشته است