Next Generation Sequencing of Reactive Stroma and Residual Breast Cancer Cells in Tumor Bed after Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy

Primary systemic or neoadjuvant chemotherapy of breast cancer has become a standard therapy option in locally advanced or predefined intrinsic subtypes such as triple negative or Her2 positive breast cancer. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy can result in complete pathological response without residual tumor cells (tumor bed) or partial response and non-response with different amounts of reactive stroma and residual tumor cells. The interaction between therapy regimens and tumoral driver mutations have been extensively studied, although the reactive stroma of the tumor bed received less attention. In this study, we characterized the mutational status of residual breast cancer cells and reactive tumor stroma devoid of residual tumor cells in partial or non-responders using next generation sequencing. Twenty-one post-therapeutic breast surgical specimens after neoadjuvant chemotherapy underwent pathogenic driver-mutation screening using microdissected residual breast cancer cells and in reactive stroma adjacent to tumor bed areas. In reactive stroma, no mutations could be validated. In residual breast cancer cells, mutations were detected in sixteen of twenty-one cases (76%). In nine of these twenty-one cases (43%), pathogenic driver mutations (PIK3CA, PTEN, TP53, FN1, PLAG1) were identified. Pathogenic driver-mutations are exclusively restricted to residual carcinoma cells and are absent in reactive stroma independently from intrinsic breast cancer subtypes or tumor stage. These data suggest that the absence of pathogenic mutations in a tumor bed without residual tumor cells may have prognostic implications after neoadjuvant chemotherapy

Von-Hippel-Lindau-Gen-Mutationstypen: Assoziation mit Genexpressionssignaturen in klarzelligen Nierenzellkarzinomen

Zusammenfassung: Fragestellung: Der Von-Hippel-Lindau- (VHL-)Tumorsuppressor ist ein multifunktionelles Protein. VHL-Mutationen treten häufig auf im klarzelligen Nierenzellkarzinom (kNZK). Verschiedene Mutationstypen führen vermutlich zu spezifischen pVHL-Funktionsveränderungen, die wiederum einen signifikanten Einfluss auf die Genexpression und schließlich auf den Krankheitsverlauf haben dürften. Ziel der vorliegenden Studie ist die Korrelation von Genexpressionssignaturen mit spezifischen VHL-Mutationstypen im kNZK. Methodik: Transkriptomanalyse wurde für 94 kNZK und 21 papilläre NZK (pNZK) mittels Affymetrix HG U133A Genchips durchgeführt. Alle 94 kNZK wurden auf VHL-Mutationen analysiert. Ergebnisse: Ein "hierarchical clustering" anhand der zwischen kNZK und pNZK differenziell regulierten Gene zeigt eine deutliche Stratifizierung der beiden histologischen Subtypen. 186 Gene wurden zwischen VHL-Wildtyp kNZK und kNZK mit mutiertem VHL-Gen differenziell exprimiert. Schlussfolgerung: Unsere Resultate weisen auf eine signifikante Auswirkung von VHL-Mutationen auf die Genexpression im NZK hi

The feasibility of canine rabies elimination in Africa: dispelling doubts with data

<p><b>Background:</b> Canine rabies causes many thousands of human deaths every year in Africa, and continues to increase throughout much of the continent.</p> <p><b>Methodology/Principal Findings:</b> This paper identifies four common reasons given for the lack of effective canine rabies control in Africa: (a) a low priority given for disease control as a result of lack of awareness of the rabies burden; (b) epidemiological constraints such as uncertainties about the required levels of vaccination coverage and the possibility of sustained cycles of infection in wildlife; (c) operational constraints including accessibility of dogs for vaccination and insufficient knowledge of dog population sizes for planning of vaccination campaigns; and (d) limited resources for implementation of rabies surveillance and control. We address each of these issues in turn, presenting data from field studies and modelling approaches used in Tanzania, including burden of disease evaluations, detailed epidemiological studies, operational data from vaccination campaigns in different demographic and ecological settings, and economic analyses of the cost-effectiveness of dog vaccination for human rabies prevention.</p> <p><b>Conclusions/Significance:</b> We conclude that there are no insurmountable problems to canine rabies control in most of Africa; that elimination of canine rabies is epidemiologically and practically feasible through mass vaccination of domestic dogs; and that domestic dog vaccination provides a cost-effective approach to the prevention and elimination of human rabies deaths.</p&gt

Lineage 2 West Nile Virus as Cause of Fatal Neurologic Disease in Horses, South Africa

Lineage 2 WNV may be missed as a cause of neurologic infections in horses and humans in this region

Randomized controlled field trial to assess the immunogenicity and safety of rift valley fever clone 13 vaccine in livestock

BACKGROUND:Although livestock vaccination is effective in preventing Rift Valley fever (RVF) epidemics, there are concerns about safety and effectiveness of the only commercially available RVF Smithburn vaccine. We conducted a randomized controlled field trial to evaluate the immunogenicity and safety of the new RVF Clone 13 vaccine, recently registered in South Africa. METHODS:In a blinded randomized controlled field trial, 404 animals (85 cattle, 168 sheep, and 151 goats) in three farms in Kenya were divided into three groups. Group A included males and non-pregnant females that were randomized and assigned to two groups; one vaccinated with RVF Clone 13 and the other given placebo. Groups B included animals in 1st half of pregnancy, and group C animals in 2nd half of pregnancy, which were also randomized and either vaccinated and given placebo. Animals were monitored for one year and virus antibodies titers assessed on days 14, 28, 56, 183 and 365. RESULTS:In vaccinated goats (N = 72), 72% developed anti-RVF virus IgM antibodies and 97% neutralizing IgG antibodies. In vaccinated sheep (N = 77), 84% developed IgM and 91% neutralizing IgG antibodies. Vaccinated cattle (N = 42) did not develop IgM antibodies but 67% developed neutralizing IgG antibodies. At day 14 post-vaccination, the odds of being seropositive for IgG in the vaccine group was 3.6 (95% CI, 1.5 - 9.2) in cattle, 90.0 (95% CI, 25.1 - 579.2) in goats, and 40.0 (95% CI, 16.5 - 110.5) in sheep. Abortion was observed in one vaccinated goat but histopathologic analysis did not indicate RVF virus infection. There was no evidence of teratogenicity in vaccinated or placebo animals. CONCLUSIONS:The results suggest RVF Clone 13 vaccine is safe to use and has high (>90%) immunogenicity in sheep and goats but moderate (> 65%) immunogenicity in cattle

Evolutionary History of Rabies in Ghana

Rabies virus (RABV) is enzootic throughout Africa, with the domestic dog (Canis familiaris) being the principal vector. Dog rabies is estimated to cause 24,000 human deaths per year in Africa, however, this estimate is still considered to be conservative. Two sub-Saharan African RABV lineages have been detected in West Africa. Lineage 2 is present throughout West Africa, whereas Africa 1a dominates in northern and eastern Africa, but has been detected in Nigeria and Gabon, and Africa 1b was previously absent from West Africa. We confirmed the presence of RABV in a cohort of 76 brain samples obtained from rabid animals in Ghana collected over an eighteen-month period (2007–2009). Phylogenetic analysis of the sequences obtained confirmed all viruses to be RABV, belonging to lineages previously detected in sub-Saharan Africa. However, unlike earlier reported studies that suggested a single lineage (Africa 2) circulates in West Africa, we identified viruses belonging to the Africa 2 lineage and both Africa 1 (a and b) sub-lineages. Phylogeographic Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo analysis of a 405 bp fragment of the RABV nucleoprotein gene from the 76 new sequences derived from Ghanaian animals suggest that within the Africa 2 lineage three clades co-circulate with their origins in other West African countries. Africa 1a is probably a western extension of a clade circulating in central Africa and the Africa 1b virus a probable recent introduction from eastern Africa. We also developed and tested a novel reverse-transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) assay for the detection of RABV in African laboratories. This RT-LAMP was shown to detect both Africa 1 and 2 viruses, including its adaptation to a lateral flow device format for product visualization. These data suggest that RABV epidemiology is more complex than previously thought in West Africa and that there have been repeated introductions of RABV into Ghana. This analysis highlights the potential problems of individual developing nations implementing rabies control programmes in the absence of a regional programme

Ontogeny and Structure of the Pericarp of Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi (Anacardiaceae)

The fruit of Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi is a globose red drupe with friable exocarp when ripe and composed of two lignified layers: the epidermis and hypodermis. The mesocarp is parenchymatous with large secretory ducts associated with vascular bundles. In the mesocarp two regions are observed: an outer region composed of only parenchymatous cells and an inner region, bounded by one or more layers of druse-like crystals of calcium oxalate, composed of parenchymatous cells, secretory ducts and vascular bundles. The mesocarp detaches itself from the exocarp due to degeneration of the cellular layers in contact with the hypodermis. The lignified endocarp is composed of four layers: the outermost layer of polyhedral cells with prismatic crystals of calcium oxalate, and the three innermost layers of sclereids in palisade.<br>O fruto de Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi é uma drupa vermelha, globosa, com exocarpo friável quando maduro e composto de duas camadas lignificadas: a epiderme e a hipoderme. O mesocarpo é parenquimático com grandes canais secretores associados aos feixes vasculares. No mesocarpo distinguem-se duas regiões uma externa composta apenas de células parenquimáticas e uma interna, delimitada por uma ou mais camadas de células contendo cristais de oxalato de cálcio do tipo drusa, composta de células parenquimáticas, canais secretores e feixes vasculares. O mesocarpo desprende-se do exocarpo devido à degeneração das camadas celulares em contato com a hipoderme. O endocarpo é lignificado e composto de quatro camadas: uma mais externa de células poliédricas com cristais prismáticos de oxalato de cálcio e três mais internas de esclereides em paliçada