Triebkräfte und Richtungen der Erdkunde im neunzehnten Jahrhundert

TRIEBKRÄFTE UND RICHTUNGEN DER ERDKUNDE IM NEUNZEHNTEN JAHRHUNDERT Triebkräfte und Richtungen der Erdkunde im neunzehnten Jahrhundert / Richthofen, Ferdinand von (Public Domain) ( - ) Title page ( - ) Text ( - ) I. (7) II. (20) III. (28) IV. (37) ColorChart ( -

Bringing culture to the masses: control, compromise and participation in the GDR: A case study of Bezirk Potsdam.

This thesis examines cultural life that was organised in state institutions, factories and mass organisations in the German Democratic Republic (GDR). Controlling people in their free time was an instrumental part of SED policy, but in spite of the party's attempts to direct and channel cultural life, people's cultural activities developed a dynamic of their own. The analysis of organised cultural life is therefore an interesting angle from which to explore the nature of dictatorial rule. The main focus of this thesis is the middle period of the GDR. Compared to the 1950s and 1980s, the 1960s and 1970s were characterised by a greater willingness to exercise cultural inclinations by participating in the organised cultural structures, and by communicating with different levels of authority in order to secure the fulfilment of personal interests. This study challenges current assumptions about the GDR's social and institutional history, which do not place enough emphasis on the interaction and inter-dependence between 'rulers' and 'ruled', primarily because they do not sufficiently accentuate the important role of functionaries. The analysis of this thesis identifies three groups of 'agents' in the cultural sphere. The first group consists of cultural functionaries, who operated at various organisational and administrative levels. They ensured that organised cultural life appealed to those who participated in it through compromises and extensive dialogue. The second group encompasses the participants. They were willing to integrate into the organised cultural structures in order to fulfil their own interests and they relied on the effective communication with functionaries in local, intermediate and central organs in order to realise their aims. The third group consists of the leaders of the central party organs. Over the course of the 1960s and 1970s, they increasingly abandoned idealistic and Utopian policies in favour of a more pragmatic approach that aimed to satisfy people's cultural interests more broadly. In short, cultural life encompassed complex forms of agency, it exhibited various forms of communication and it highlights that reciprocal influence existed between different actors

Räumliche Diversität und nachhaltige Urbanisierung in Oman

This dissertation examines the consequences of urbanisation triggered by rapid economic and demographic growth in Oman since 1970 on spatial diversity. By tracing geographic, climatic, ecological, historic, socio-cultural, political and economic aspects the dissertation positions Oman at a crucial turning point where spatial resources are limited, not evenly accessible and not symmetrically mobilised by processes of urban growth, extension and concentration. The dissertation links spatial diversity to resilient land use and sustainable urban development in light of ongoing demographic growth and depleting resources. The hypothesis of this dissertation postulates that a differentiated spatial, temporal and structural understanding of spatial diversity in the form of land use maps, spatial diversity indices and urbanisation models can lead to a more resilient and sustainable form of urbanisation in Oman. The methods used are desk studies, field documentation, remote sensing with historic satellite images, geo-information systems mapping and parametric urban modelling. The dissertation reviews current urbanisation models in Oman in relation to urban metabolism, urban sustainability and spatial diversity. It then maps land use transformation processes across Oman at the national level, as well as focussing on four regions and 18 local samples. The dissertation postulates ‘space species’ that can be discerned through remote sensing and establishes a spatial diversity index for these local samples. The findings suggest that a balanced spatial diversity for both agricultural and urban land uses is the optimal land use configuration for a resilient and sustainable spatial development in Oman. These insights result in four urban design strategies in response to the specific regional conditions. The urban design strategies – spatially diverse and resource efficient – are translated into parametric models. These parametric urban models allow to develop urban design scenarios and visualise urban form in 3D models. The dissertation closes with a discussion of spatial diversity as a measure of sustainable and resilient development in Oman.Diese Dissertation untersucht die Konsequenzen der durch schnelles ökonomisches und demographisches Wachstum eingeleiteten und seit 1970 anhaltenden Urbanisierung in Bezug auf die räumliche Diversität in Oman. Bezugnehmend auf geographische, klimatische, ökologische, historische, soziokulturelle, politische und ökonomische Aspekte positioniert diese Dissertation Oman an einem kritischen Wendepunkt: Dessen räumliche Ressourcen sind stark beschränkt, ungleich verteilt, nicht zugänglich und asymmetrisch in Wachstums- und Konzentrationsprozesse eingebunden. Diese Arbeit verknüpft räumliche Diversität mit resilienter Landnutzung und nachhaltiger städtebaulicher Entwicklung unter Berücksichtigung des andauernden demographischen Entwicklungsdruckes einerseits und endlicher Raum-, Wasser-, Energie- und Materialressourcen andererseits. Die Hypothese dieser Arbeit postuliert, dass ein differenziertes räumliches, zeitliches und strukturelles Verständnis räumlicher Diversität anhand von Landnutzungskarten, räumlichen Diversitätsindizes und Urbanisationsmodellen zu einer resilienten und nachhaltigen Form der Urbanisierung führt. Literaturstudien, Dokumentation vor Ort, Fernerkundung aufgrund historischer Satellitenbilder, Kartierung mittels Geo-Informations-Systemen und parametrisches städtebauliches Entwerfen sind Methoden dieser Dissertation. Die Arbeit untersucht gegenwärtige Urbanisationsmodelle in Oman in Bezug auf städtischen Metabolismus, urbane Nachhaltigkeit und räumliche Diversität. Die Landnutzungsveränderung wird auf nationaler, sowie in fünf regionalen und 18 lokalen Untersuchungsgebieten mittels Kartierungen dokumentiert. Die Dissertation stellt ‚Raum-Spezie‘ vor die sich durch Fernerkundung erkennen lassen und deren Verteilung mittels eines räumlichen Diversitätsindexes der lokalen Untersuchungsgebiete gemessen werden kann. Die Ergebnisse lassen den Schluss zu, dass eine ausgeglichene räumliche Diversität zwischen landwirtschaftlicher und urbaner Nutzung die besten Voraussetzungen für eine resiliente und nachhaltige räumliche Entwicklung gewährleistet. Diese Erkenntnisse fließen in vier städtebauliche Entwurfsstrategien, räumlich diverse und ressourcenschonende städtebauliche Entwurfsstrategien ein, die wiederum in parametrische städtebauliche Modelle übersetzt werden. Diese parametrischen städtebaulichen Modelle unterstützen die Entwicklung von städtebaulichen Szenarien und die Visualisierung der resultierenden urbanen Form anhand von dreidimensionalen Modellen. Die Dissertation schließt mit einer Diskussion über räumliche Diversität als Ansatz einer resilienten und nachhaltigen räumlichen Entwicklung in Oman

1,2-Diazoles: Versatile Tectons for Metallosupramolecular Assemblies

This study investigates the metallosupramolecular chemistry of functionalised 1,2-diazole ligands, by the preparation and characterisation of a range of first-row transition metal coordination polymers and discrete assemblies. To this end, twenty-six ligands containing 1,2-diazole functionality have been synthesised, twenty-one of which have not previously appeared in the coordination chemistry literature. Utilising these compounds, forty new coordination compounds have been prepared and characterised by single-crystal X-ray crystallography and other analytical techniques, and their solid-state structural features discussed in the search for reproducible new diazole-based synthons for the designed synthesis of new functional materials. Particular attention is paid to the contribution of the second nitrogen atom on the diazole ring, which participates in structure-directing hydrogen bonding interactions, or acts as a synthetic handle to easily append further functionality to the ligand system. The design of the ligands is separated into two primary categories, representing the different approaches adopted for the synthesis of the metallosupramolecular architectures. The combination of 1H-pyrazole and carboxylic acid functionality in mixed-ligand assemblies was investigated with the combination of bis-pyrazole and bis-carboxylic acid ligands, and with the preparation of ligands containing both functional groups. This approach was extended to the related heterocyclic species indazole, with all five possible isomers of indazole-carboxylic acid synthesised and used in coordination chemistry for the first time. The 1H-diazole-carboxylate synthon was employed in the synthesis of fourteen coordination polymers and three discrete assemblies. Heteroaryl substitution at the 1-position of pyrazole or indazole compounds was employed to generate chelating ligands containing pyridine or benzimidazole functionality, which were used to form nineteen discrete complexes, including dinuclear helicates and metallocycles, and five coordination polymers. The effect of flexibility and distance between coordination sites in bis-bidentate ligand systems was examined, in conjunction with studies into the effect of steric bulk and variation of the electronic nature of the coordinating groups. While this study is primarily concerned with the solid-state structural chemistry of 1,2-diazole coordination compounds, attention is paid where appropriate to solution-based measurements such as NMR and UV/Visible studies, and the pertinent behaviour of functional materials, such as thermogravimetric analysis for solvated species and gas uptake studies for stable void-containing materials