1,197 research outputs found
The weathering of micrometeorites from the Transantarctic Mountains
Micrometeorites are cosmic dust particles recovered from the
Earth's surface that dominate the influx of extraterrestrial material
accreting to our planet. This paper provides the first in-depth study of
the weathering of micrometeorites within the Antarctic environment that
will allow primary and secondary features to be distinguished. It is
based on the analysis of 366 particles from Larkman Nunatak and 25 from
the Transantarctic Mountain collection. Several important morphological
categories of weathering effects were identified: (1) irregular and
faceted cavities, (2) surface etch pits, (3) infilled cavities, (4)
replaced silicate phases, and (5) hydrated and replaced metal. These
features indicate that congruent dissolution of silicate phases, in
particular olivine, is important in generating new pore space within
particles. Comparison of the preservation of glass and olivine also
indicates preferential dissolution of olivine by acidic solutions during
low temperature aqueous alteration. Precipitation of new hydrous phases
within cavities, in particular ferrihydrite and jarosite, results in
pseudomorph textures within heavily altered particles. Glass, in
contrast, is altered to palagonite gels and shows a sequential
replacement indicative of varying water to rock ratios. Metal is variably
replaced by Fe-oxyhydroxides and results in decreases in Ni/Fe ratio. In
contrast, sulphides within metal are largely preserved. Magnetite, an
essential component of micrometeorites formed during atmospheric entry,
is least altered by interaction with the terrestrial environment. The
extent of weathering in the studied micrometeorites is sensitive to
differences in their primary mineralogy and varies significantly with
particle type. Despite these differences, we propose a weathering scale
for micrometeorites based on both their degree of terrestrial alteration
and the level of encrustation by secondary phases. The compositions and
textures of weathering products, however, suggest open system behaviour
and variable water to rock ratios that imply climatic variation over the
lifetime of the micrometeorite deposits
Early-life Determinants of Stunted Adolescent Girls and Boys in Matlab, Bangladesh
This paper presents the results of a longitudinal study, conducted in Matlab, Bangladesh, that examined to what extent the level of stunting in adolescence can be predicted by nutritional status in early childhood and maternal height. A linked set of data collected from the same individuals at two moments in time, i.e. early childhood (1988–1989) and adolescence (2001), was analyzed. The study found that the odds of being stunted in adolescence could be explained by the combined effect of being stunted in childhood and having a mother whose height was less than 145 cm. Also, girls were more likely than boys to be stunted in childhood, whereas boys were more likely than girls to be stunted in adolescence. The latter is probably attributable to differences in the pace of maturation. In terms of policy and (reproductive health) programmes, it is important to recall that adolescent girls whose height and weight were subnormal (weight <45 kg and height <145 cm) might run an obstetric risk. Following these cut-off points, 83% and 23% of 16-year-old girls in this study would face obstetric risk, respectively, for weight and height if they marry and become pregnant soon
Is OpenSDE an alternative for dedicated medical research databases? An example in coronary surgery
Computer-aided detection of pulmonary nodules: a comparative study using the public LIDC/IDRI database
Objectives: To benchmark the performance of state-of-the-art computer-aided detection (CAD) of pulmonary nodules using the largest publicly available annotated CT database (LIDC/IDRI), and to show that CAD finds lesions not identified by the LIDC’s four-fold double reading process. Methods: The LIDC/IDRI database contains 888 thoracic CT scans with a section thickness of 2.5 mm or lower. We report performance of two commercial and one academic CAD system. The influence of presence of contrast, section thickness, and reconstruction kernel on CAD performance was assessed. Four radiologists independently analyzed the false positive CAD marks of the best CAD system. Results: The updated commercial CAD system showed the best performance with a sensitivity of 82 % at an average of 3.1 false positive detections per scan. Forty-five false positive CAD marks were scored as nodules by all four radiologists in our study. Conclusions: On the largest publicly available reference database for lung nodule detection in chest CT, the updated commercial CAD system locates the vast majority of pulmonary nodules at a low false positive rate. Potential for CAD is substantiated by the fact that it identifies pulmonary nodules that were not marked during the extensive four-fold LIDC annotation process
The parent body of the ca. 480 kyr-old Tunguska-like impact over Antarctica.
第2回極域科学シンポジウム/第34回南極隕石シンポジウム 11月17日(木) 国立国語研究所 2階講
A Survey on Deep Learning in Medical Image Analysis
Deep learning algorithms, in particular convolutional networks, have rapidly
become a methodology of choice for analyzing medical images. This paper reviews
the major deep learning concepts pertinent to medical image analysis and
summarizes over 300 contributions to the field, most of which appeared in the
last year. We survey the use of deep learning for image classification, object
detection, segmentation, registration, and other tasks and provide concise
overviews of studies per application area. Open challenges and directions for
future research are discussed.Comment: Revised survey includes expanded discussion section and reworked
introductory section on common deep architectures. Added missed papers from
before Feb 1st 201
Is OpenSDE an alternative for dedicated medical research databases? An example in coronary surgery
Background. When using a conventional relational database approach to collect and query data in the context of specific clinical studies, a study with a new data set usually requires the design of a new database and entry forms. OpenSDE (SDE = Structured Data Entry) is intended to provide a flexible and intuitive way to create databases and entry forms for the collection of data in a structured format. This study illustrates the use of OpenSDE as a potential alternative to a conventional approach with respect to data modelling, database creation, data entry, and data extraction. Methods. A database and entry forms are created using OpenSDE and MSAccess to support collection of coronary surgery data, based on the Adult Cardiac Surgery Data Set of the Society of Thoracic Surgeons. Data of 52 cases are entered and nine different queries are designed, and executed on
Selective rule enforcement on prison units and individual misconduct: a multilevel study
Criminal Justice: Legitimacy, accountability, and effectivit
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