Glicerina cruda en la dieta de bovinos: efecto sobre los parámetros bioquímicos séricos

El objetivo fue evaluar posibles alteraciones en los valores bioquímicos séricos de bovinos de engorde confinados, recibiendo elevadas concentraciones de glicerina cruda en la dieta. Treinta novillos Nelore fueron utilizados para las colectas de sangre, las cuales se realizaron cada 28 días. Los animales fueron confinados durante 103 días, alimentados con cinco dietas experimentales con 0; 7.5; 15; 22.5 y 30% de glicerina cruda en la materia seca, formuladas para obtener una relación entre forraje: concentrado de 30:70, en la que el ensilaje de maíz fue la fuente forrajera, y el concentrado compuesto por grano de maíz, cascarilla de soya, torta de girasol, glicerina cruda, carbonato de calcio, fosfato bicálcico y sal común. Se utilizó un diseño en bloques al azar, con cinco tratamientos y seis repeticiones, utilizando contrastes ortogonales para determinar los efectos lineal, cuadrático y cúbico de la adición de glicerina. Hubo un efecto lineal de la adición de glicerina sobre las concentraciones de creatina quinasa (P=0.02), cuadrático sobre la de alanina amino transferasa (P=0.009), cúbico sobre la de urea y creatinina (P=0.008 e P=0.002, respectivamente). La adición de glicerina, considerando el tratamiento control, afectó significativamente (P<0.05) las concentraciones de amino transferasa, alanina amino transferasa y creatinina dietas para bovinos tipo carne, con elevadas proporciones de glicerina, ocasionan alteraciones en los parámetros bioquímicos séricos de los animales

Glicerina bruta na dieta de bovinos de corte confinados: efeito sobre o hemograma

Objetivou-se com este estudo avaliar o hemograma de bovinos alimentados com glicerina bruta. Trinta novilhos da raça Nelore foram utilizados para as colheitas de sangue, as quais foram realizadas a cada 28 dias. Os animais foram mantidos confinados durante 103 dias e foram alimentados com cinco dietas contendo 0, 7,5, 15, 22,5 e 30% de glicerina bruta com base na matéria seca, formuladas na proporção volumoso:concentrado de 30:70 sendo a silagem de milho o volumoso e o concentrado composto por milho em grão, casca de soja, farelo de girassol, glicerina, calcário calcítico, fostatobicálcico e sal comum. O delineamento utilizado foi em blocos casualisados com cinco tratamentos. Contrastes ortogonais foram usados para determinar os efeitos linear, quadrático, cúbico e tratamento com glicerina × controle. Não houve efeito dos tratamentos (P>0,05) sobre as concentrações sanguíneas de hemácias, hematócrito, basófilos, eosinófilos, neutrófilos bastonetes e linfócitos, porém houve efeito linear sobre as concentrações de plaquetas, hemoglobina e monócitos (P=0,009, P=0,001 e P=0,043, respectivamente), e efeito cúbico sobre as concentrações de leucócitos totais e neutrófilos segmentados (P=0,008 e P=0,004, respectivamente). Dietas para bovinos de corte, contendo relação volumoso:concentrado 30:70 aditivadas com glicerina bruta, promovem alterações no eritrograma e no leucograma destes animais.The aim of this study was to evaluate the hemogram in cattle fed crude glycerin. 30 Nellore steers, were used for blood sampling, which were done each 28 days. The animals were confined for 103 days and were fed with five diets containing 0, 7.5, 15, 22.5 and 30% crude glycerin based on dry matter, formulated in a forage:concentrate ratio of 30:70. Corn silage was used as forage and the concentrate was composed by corn grain, soybean hulls, sunflower meal, glycerin, limestone, dicalcium phosphate and salt. The experimental design was a randomized block with Five treatments. Orthogonal contrasts were used to determine the linear, quadratic, cubic effects and gliceryn treatments × the control one. There was no treatment effect (P>0,05) on blood concentrations of erythrocytes, hematocrit, basophils, eosinophils, band neutrophils and lymphocytes, but were linearly effect on the concentrations of platelets, hemoglobin and monocytes (P=0.009, P=0.001 and P=0.043, respectivelly), and cubic effect on the concentrations of total leukocytes and segmented neutrophils (P=0.008 and P=0.004, respectivelly). Diets for beef cattle, with forage:concentrate ratio of 30:70 added with crude glycerin promote changes in the erytrhogram and leucogram of these animals.

Sources and management of nitrogen before or after irrigation on the winter wheat and bean production

Studies that demonstrate the effects of sources of nitrogen (N) applied before or after irrigation on the yield of winter crops are limited in literature. In this sense, the objective of this study was to compare the effect of sources of N applied immediately before or after 13 mm irrigation of wheat and bean winter crops. It was used a randomized complete block design, with 4 replicates, in a 5 × 2 + 1 factorial scheme, and 11 treatments consisted of five N sources: urea, polymer-coated urea, urea + ammonium sulfate, ammonium sulfate, and ammonium nitrate and a control treatment (without N fertilization). For wheat, although ammonium nitrate provided great N content in the leaves, the grain yield was lower due to the lodging of the plants; since the application of N either before or after irrigation did not influence the grain yield. Regarding the bean, N fertilization increased productivity, but there were no differences among N sources and, despite the greater N content in the leaves observed with the N supply before irrigation the greatest grain yield was observed when N was applied after the irrigation

Glicerina bruta em dietas para bovinos da raça Nelore confinados

Objetivou-se neste estudo avaliar a inclusão de glicerina bruta em dietas para bovinos da raça Nelore e seu efeito sobre o comportamento ingestivo, consumo, desempenho, parâmetros sanguíneos, características de carcaça e carne, digestibilidade, degradabilidade, parâmetros ruminais, produção de CH4 e CO2 e da massa microbiana. Cinco dietas experimentais foram testadas: G0 - controle sem adição de glicerina, G7,5 - 7,5% de glicerina na matéria seca da dieta, G15 - 15% de glicerina na matéria seca da dieta, G22,5 - 22,5% de glicerina na matéria seca da dieta e G30 - 30% de glicerina na matéria seca da dieta. No primeiro experimento foram utilizados bovinos (n=30, machos, não castrados, raça Nelore, 277,7kg PC, 18 meses de idade) distribuídos em delineamento em blocos ao acaso. Foram avaliados, durante 103 dias de confinamento, o consumo de MS e de nutrientes, GMD, CA, EA, além do comportamento ingestivo. No segundo experimento foram avaliados os parâmetros sanguíneos dos animais do confinamento e pesos de carcaça quente e fria, rendimento de carcaça, AOL, GSUB, além da composição centesimal, perfil de AG, colesterol e análise sensorial da carne. No terceiro experimento foram avaliadas as digestibilidades da MS e de nutrientes e a degradabilidade ruminal dos ingredientes utilizados. Para as incubações ruminais foram utilzados bovinos (n=5, machos castrados, raça Nelore, 400kg PC, 24 meses de idade) dotados de cânulas ruminais permanentes e distribuídos em delineamento em quadrado latino (5 × 5). No quarto experimento foram avaliados pH, N-NH3, AGCC, produção de CH4 e CO2, além das bactérias sólido-aderidas e bactérias e protozoários líquido associados. A inclusão de até 30% de glicerina deprimi a digestibilidade e degradabilidade da fibra, diminui a produção de CH4 e CO2 e interfere negativamente na produção...The objective of this study was to evaluate the inclusion of crude glycerin in diets for Nellore cattle and its effect on ingestive behavior, intake, performance, blood parameters, characteristics of carcass and meat, digestibility, degradability, ruminal parameters, production of CH4 and CO2 and microbial mass. Five experimental diets were tested: G0 - control without addition of glycerin, G7, 5 - 7.5% glycerin in the diet dry matter, G15 - 15% glycerin in the diet dry matter, G22, 5 - 22.5% glycerin in the diet dry matter and G30 - 30% glycerin in the diet dry matter. In the first experiment bovine (n=30, steers, Nellore, BW 277.7 kg, 18 months old) distributed in a randomized block design were used. It was evaluated during 103 days of feedlot, DM and nutrient intake, ADG, G:F, F:G, and ingestive behavior. The second experiment evaluated the blood parameters of animals in the feedlot, hot and cold carcass weights, LM, SF, and the proximate composition, fatty acid profile, cholesterol and sensory analysis of meat. In the third experiment it was evaluated the dry matter and nutrient digestibility and ingredients degradability. For rumen incubations, cattle (n=5 steers, Nellore, BW 400kg, 24 months old) fitted with permanent ruminal cannulas and distributed in Latin square design (5 × 5) were used. In the fourth experiment it was evaluated pH, N-NH3, SCFA, production of CH4 and CO2, in addition to the particle-associated bacteria and liquid-associated protozoa and bacteria. The inclusion of up to 30% glycerin depresses fiber digestibility and degradability, decreases production of CH4 and CO2 and has negative impact on the production of particle-associated bacteria, and it does not promote changes in performance variables... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP

Crude glycerin in diets for feedlot Nellore cattle

Two studies were conducted to evaluate the effects of crude glycerin on feed intake, performance, carcass characteristics, and total digestibility of Nellore bulls. In experiment 1, cattle (n = 30) were fed a control diet without crude glycerin and diets containing 7.5, 15, 22.5, and 30% crude glycerin, for 103 d. Animals were harvested and data of carcass characteristics were collected. In experiment 2, a digestibility trial was performed using indigestible acid detergent fiber (iADF) as internal marker, and five rumen-cannulated steers. Both experiments were conducted as a randomized complete block design and data were analyzed using mixed procedures. In experiment 1 no differences were observed among treatments on dry matter intake, and performance variables. Regarding carcass characteristics, no effect was observed, except for carcass fat estimates, which were greater in treatments with crude glycerin. In experiment 2, crude glycerin promoted a decrease in digestibility of fibrous fractions NDF and HEM, and increased digestibility of crude protein by 6%. Although it caused negative effect on digestibility of fibrous fraction of diets, crude glycerin can be a good energy source for Nellore bulls, since no losses are observed on performance and carcass characteristics when animals are fed up to 30% of this by-product.Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP

Crude glycerin in diets for feedlot Nellore cattle

Two studies were conducted to evaluate the effects of crude glycerin on feed intake, performance, carcass characteristics, and total digestibility of Nellore bulls. In experiment 1, cattle (n = 30) were fed a control diet without crude glycerin and diets containing 7.5, 15, 22.5, and 30% crude glycerin, for 103 d. Animals were harvested and data of carcass characteristics were collected. In experiment 2, a digestibility trial was performed using indigestible acid detergent fiber (iADF) as internal marker, and five rumen-cannulated steers. Both experiments were conducted as a randomized complete block design and data were analyzed using mixed procedures. In experiment 1 no differences were observed among treatments on dry matter intake, and performance variables. Regarding carcass characteristics, no effect was observed, except for carcass fat estimates, which were greater in treatments with crude glycerin. In experiment 2, crude glycerin promoted a decrease in digestibility of fibrous fractions NDF and HEM, and increased digestibility of crude protein by 6%. Although it caused negative effect on digestibility of fibrous fraction of diets, crude glycerin can be a good energy source for Nellore bulls, since no losses are observed on performance and carcass characteristics when animals are fed up to 30% of this by-product

Determinação do teor de extrato etéreo de grãos de oleaginosas através de diferentes processamentos

The objective of this work was to determine the ether extract content of peanut and canola seeds, with extraction in Soxhlet apparatus and with three types of processing: grinding in ball mill type; maceration in mortar and grind into micro mill after maceration in mortar. Data were analyzed in an entirely randomized design with 3 treatments and 12 replicates, submitted to variance analysis and the means were compared using Tukey test (P<0.05) with routines of the SAS statistical package. The largest percentage of ether extract was obtained in the treatment which the peanuts were subjected to a greater number of extractions (56.43%), and all treatments presented different results(P <0.05). In canola grains, it was observed that the extraction with the method of grinding in ball mill and the method of sequential extraction (macerate + ground in micro mill) were statistically similar (43.52 and 42.35% respectively), and these methods were more efficient (P <0.05) to extract the ether extract than the treatment in which the grains were only macerated. For peanut grains it was concluded that the most efficient method was the sequential one and to the canola grain, it can be used only a grinding mill as samples processing witch will be submitted to ether extract extraction

Glicerina bruta na dieta de bovinos de corte confinados: Efeito sobre o hemograma

The aim of this study was to evaluate the hemogram in cattle fed crude glycerin. 30 Nellore steers, were used for blood sampling, which were done each 28 days. The animals were confined for 103 days and were fed with five diets containing 0, 7.5, 15, 22.5 and 30% crude glycerin based on dry matter, formulated in a forage:concentrate ratio of 30:70. Corn silage was used as forage and the concentrate was composed by corn grain, soybean hulls, sunflower meal, glycerin, limestone, dicalcium phosphate and salt. The experimental design was a randomized block with five treatments. Orthogonal contrasts were used to determine the linear, quadratic, cubic effects and gliceryn treatments × the control one. There was no treatment effect (P>0,05) on blood concentrations of erythrocytes, hematocrit, basophils, eosinophils, band neutrophils and lymphocytes, but were linearly effect on the concentrations of platelets, hemoglobin and monocytes (P=0.009, P=0.001 and P=0.043, respectivelly), and cubic effect on the concentrations of total leukocytes and segmented neutrophils (P=0.008 and P=0.004, respectivelly). Diets for beef cattle, with forage:concentrate ratio of 30:70 added with crude glycerin promote changes in the erytrhogram and leucogram of these animals

Geração de ortoimagens a partir de georreferenciamento direto de imagens digitais aéreas de pequeno formato com dados lidar

Resumo: Uma das mais recentes tecnologias que apareceu no mercado para auxiliar mapeamento cartografico, e o Sistema Laser Scanner Aerotransportado . SLSA, que gera uma nuvem de pontos da superficie com alta precisao. A informacao altimetrica do SLSA associada as imagens aereas de alta resolucao permitem obter ortofotos com rapidez e precisao. Porem, esta associacao geralmente e realizada utilizando dados de distintos levantamentos, ou seja, um levantamento para os dados do SLSA e outro para as imagens aereas. O ideal seria que esta associacao fosse simultanea, em um unico levantamento com a eterminacao direta dos parametros de orientacao exterior . POE das imagens aereas. Considerando o exposto, a pesquisa realizou esta uniao simultanea do SLSA com a Camara Digital de Pequeno Formato . CDPF, com o objetivo de confeccionar uma ortofoto, visando tempo, precisao, producao e custo. Esta integracao surgiu com a possibilidade de utilizacao do Sistema de Navegacao Inercial . SNI do SLSA para orientar as imagens aereas digitais oriundas da CDPF de maneira direta. Para realizar esta integracao foi realizado um aerolevantamento em uma regiao com alvos pre sinalizados, com o SLSA e a CDPF imultaneos. Apos o voo foi determinado o braco e o giro (ƒ¢X0, ƒ¢Y0, ƒ¢Z0, ƒ¢ƒÈ, ƒ¢ƒÓ, ƒ¢ƒÖ) da CDPF em relacao ao SNI do SLSA. O braco foi determinado por topografia e o giro foi determinado por eorreferenciamento indireto. Depois de determinado o braco e o giro foram realizados mais dois voos em distintas datas. Estes foram utilizados para a realizacao de quatro experimentos. Os experimentos consistiram na geracao de ortofotos na escala 1/2.000 utilizando os POE do SNI do SLSA, sendo que dois experimentos nao utilizaram pontos de apoio topografico e dois utilizaram somente quatro pontos de apoio de opografico. Os experimentos que nao utilizaram os pontos de apoio nao atingiram a exatidao da escala 1/2.000 proposta inicialmente, sendo que um atingiu a exatidao da escala 1/5.000 e o outro a exatidao da escala 1/10.000. Ja os experimentos que utilizaram os quatro pontos de apoio atingiram a exatidao da escala 1/2.000, sendo que um experimento atingiu a exatidao da escala proposta e o outro atingiu a exatidao da escala 1/1.000