Variation in Weed Seed Fate Fed to Different Holstein Cattle Groups.

Weed seeds may maintain their viability when passing through the digestive tract of cattle and can be therefore dispersed by animal movement or the application of manure. Whether different cattle types of the same species can cause differential weed seed fate is largely unknown to us particularly under non-grazed systems similar to Holstein-Friesian dairy farming. We investigated the effect on the seed survival of four weed species in the digestive tracts of four groups of Holstein cattle: lactating cows, feedlot male calves, dry cows and growing heifers. The weed species used were Cuscuta campestris, Polygonum aviculare, Rumex crispus and Sorghum halepense. Cattle excretion was sampled for recovery and viability of seeds at four 24 hourly intervals after seed intake. The highest seed recovery occurred two days after seed intake in all cattle groups. Averaged over weed species, dry and lactating cows had the lowest and highest seed recovery of 36.4% and 74.4% respectively. No significant differences were observed in seed recovery of the four weed species when their seeds were fed to dry cows. Based on a power model fitted to seed viability data, the estimated time to 50% viability loss after seed intake, over all cattle groups ranged from 65 h (R. crispus) to 76 h (P. aviculare). Recovered seeds from the dung of feedlot male calves showed the highest mortality among cattle groups. Significant correlation was found between seed viability and ruminal pH (r = 0.86; P<0.05). This study shows that management programs aiming to minimize weed infestation caused by livestock should account for the variation amongst cattle groups in seed persistence. Our findings can be used as a guideline for evaluating the potential risk of the spread of weeds via the application of cattle manure

Nanoparticle Synthesis, Applications, and Toxicity

Nowadays production of different nanoparticles (NPs) with plausible biomedical benefits is tremendously increasing. NPs are of great interest in drug delivery systems, drug formulation, medical diagnostic, and biosensor production. Aside from the importance of NPs in medicine, their negative side effects including potential cytotoxicity, inflammatory response induction, and drug interruption should be carefully considered. Several molecular and physicochemical mechanisms are involved in toxicity induction of NPs. Finding the negative effects of NPs on human tissues and investigation of their mechanism of action are a way for preventing the happening of unpleasant event. Here in this work, we would describe the main way of NP production with special attention to green NP production, and then their application in medical diagnosis and disease treatment would be explored. Also the main toxicity effects of NPs on different tissues would be explored, and the parameters affecting the quality of NPs and their corresponding biological properties would be highlighted

Using Text Surrounding Method to Enhance Retrieval of Online Images by Google Search Engine

Purpose: the current research aimed to compare the effectiveness of various tags and codes for retrieving images from the Google. Design/methodology: selected images with different characteristics in a registered domain were carefully studied. The exception was that special conceptual features have been apportioned for each group of images separately. In this regard, each image group surrounding texts was dissimilar. Images were allocated with captionsincluding language in Farsi and English, alt text, image title, file name, free and controlled languages and appropriation text to images properties. Findings: allocating texts to images on a website causes Google to retrieve more images. Chi-square test for identification of significant differences among retrieved images in 5 Codes and revealed that in different codes, various numbers of images that were retrieved were significantly different. Caption allocation in English proved to have the best effect in retrieving images in the study sample, whereas file name had less effect in image retrieval ranking. Results of the Kruskal-Wallis test to assess the group differences in 5 codes revealed that differences were significant. Originality/Value: This paper tries to recall the importance of some elements which a search engine like Google may consider in indexing and retrieval of images. Widespread use of image tagging on the web enables Google and also other search engines to successfully retrieve images

eHealth Equity: Current Perspectives

Health justice is something that every country in the world needs. However, the existence of health disparities among different social groups and geographical regions in various countries of the world is inevitable. These health inequalities are a major obstacle in achieving health justice. There are a number of factors affecting health equity such as socio-economic status, education level, age, religion, geographical position, racial and ethnical differences, gender minorities, environmental factors, accessibility level to healthcare services and resources, and also the quality of healthcare. Although eHealth has the potential of eliminating health inequalities leading to the establishment of health justice, it is essential that governments and health policy makers provide some measures to diminish major barriers facing the society members especially the elderly, poor, uneducated, and disabled people when implementing it. This can result in attaining the advantages of eHealth for establishing health equity

Replantation of an Avulsed Maxillary Incisor after 12 Hours: Three-Year Follow-Up

Tooth avulsion is defined as the complete displacement of the tooth out of its alveolar socket. The treatment of choice is immediate replantation or if that is not possible, placement of the tooth in an appropriate storage media. This report presents replantation of an avulsed maxillary central incisor after 12 hours of storage in milk. The tooth was replanted and splinted. One week later, it was treated endodontically and calcium hydroxide dressing was placed for 1 month; subsequently, the tooth was obturated with gutta-percha. During three years of follow-up, no evidence of ankylosis or inflammatory resorption was observed. After three years, the tooth was stable and remained functional and esthetically acceptable

Comparing Type 2 Diabetes Logbooks in Selected Countries

Context: According to the wide range of patients with type 2 diabetes and their unique characteristics, the process of treatment should be personalized for them. The most important step towards treatment and care of them is preparing daily reports by patients in logbooks. Diabetes organizations and associations have provided various logbooks for diabetic patients, with different structures. Evidence Acquisition: In this review study, articles and documents relating to type 2 diabetes logbooks were collected from relevant databases. From 60 articles, 28 titles including 23 articles related to type 2 diabetes and five logbooks from various diabetes organization were selected. The criterion for the selection was the validity of the organization offering the logbooks. Then, their data elements were compared. Results: The findings showed that the data elements of blood glucose, physical activity, meal and medication are fundamental data to record in type 2 diabetes logbooks. However, different organizations have considered different data elements for their logbooks and the number of their data elements is different from each other. In addition, few logbooks included all data elements. Conclusion: To achieve the best results from personalization of care in type 2 diabetes patients, it is necessary to record measurable self-care behaviors so that the process of the disease is completely controllable. Therefore, it is necessary for diabetes logbooks to have all these necessary elements so that the physician would make decisions based on sufficient data and the process of treatment would come in effective

(2,2′-Biquinoline-κ2 N,N′)dichlorido­iron(II)

In the title compound, [FeCl2(C18H12N2)], the FeII atom is four-coordinated in a distorted tetra­hedral arrangement by an N,N′-bidentate 2,2′-biquinoline ligand and two chloride ions. In the crystal, there are extensive π–π contacts between the pyridine rings [centroid–centroid distances = 3.7611 (3), 3.7603 (4), 3.5292 (4), 3.5336 (5) and 3.6656 (4) Å]

Comparison of operation room staffs and patients perspectives from “patient privacy” in the operating room

Background and aims: Privacy is one of the fundamental human rights and its consideration during health care is required and caused to maintain dignity and trust between the nurse and patient. This study was performed with the aim of investigateing the privacy of patients in the hospital operating room of Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences from the view of the staff and patients. Methods: This research was a decscriptive-analytic study. 38 operating room personnel and 88 patients who had surgery were selected by census and simple random sampling. Data were collected by a questionaire made by researcher. Data were analyzed using SPSS software with chi-square and t- test. Results: The results showed paying respect to privacy in physical dimention was considered from the standpoints of operating room personnel 62.9, the researcher's observations 60.7 and patients 78.9. Paying respect to privacy has been estimated in social dimension from the view of staff and patients’and the researcher's observation 4, 11, and 5.3, respectively. Paying respect to privacy was considered from informational dimension, from the staff, patients’, and researcher's observations views 54.2 and 79.5, respectively. In total, the results showed there was significant relationship between paying respect to privacy and gender so that more precent of patients stated having no paying respect privacy in physical dimension (P=0.022). Conclusion: Therapy personel and researcher’s observations due to awareness of legal and ethical rules in this regard evaluated paying respect patient’s privacy in the low level. It is obvious to pay more attention personnel and authorities to moral standards in patient care

Minimizing Turns in Watchman Robot Navigation: Strategies and Solutions

The Orthogonal Watchman Route Problem (OWRP) entails the search for the shortest path, known as the watchman route, that a robot must follow within a polygonal environment. The primary objective is to ensure that every point in the environment remains visible from at least one point on the route, allowing the robot to survey the entire area in a single, continuous sweep. This research places particular emphasis on reducing the number of turns in the route, as it is crucial for optimizing navigation in watchman routes within the field of robotics. The cost associated with changing direction is of significant importance, especially for specific types of robots. This paper introduces an efficient linear-time algorithm for solving the OWRP under the assumption that the environment is monotone. The findings of this study contribute to the progress of robotic systems by enabling the design of more streamlined patrol robots. These robots are capable of efficiently navigating complex environments while minimizing the number of turns. This advancement enhances their coverage and surveillance capabilities, making them highly effective in various real-world applications.Comment: 6 pages, 3 figure