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Three decades of policy layering and politically sustainable reform in the European Unionâs Agricultural Policy
The study of policy reform has tended to focus on single-stage reforms taking place over a relatively short period. Recent research has drawn attention to gradual policy changes unfolding over extended periods. One strategy of gradual change is layering, in which new policy dimensions are introduced by adding new policy instruments or by redesigning existing ones to address new concerns. The limited research on single-stage policy reforms highlights that these may not endure in the postenactment phase when circumstances change. We argue that gradual policy layering may create sustainability dynamics that can result in lasting reform trajectories. The European Unionâs Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) has changed substantially over the last three decades in response to emerging policy concerns by adding new layers. This succession of reforms proved durable and resilient to reversal in the lead-up to the 2013 CAP reform when institutional and political circumstances changed
Report from the commission to the Council on the out come of the consultations with Spain concerning certain cheeses under the EEC-Spain Agreement of 5 June 1970. Recommendation for regulation of the Council on the conclusion of the Agreement amending the Agreement of 5 June 1970 between the European Economic Community and Spain on certain cheeses
Negociaciones sobre lås condiciones de comercialización de ciertos tipos de queso bajo el mandato del Acuerdo Comercial España-CEE de 197
Proposal for a Council Regulation (EEC) on the opening, allocating and providing for the administration of a Community tariff quota for sherry falling within heading NÂș ex 22.05 of the Common Customs Tariff, originating in Spain. Submitted to the Council by the Commission
negociaciones de tarifas aduaneras impuestas a productos españoles: jere
Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council and the European Economic and Social Committee on Scientific Information in the Digital Age: Access, Dissemination and Preservation
The future of work: Disciplined useful activity
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to draw attention to the importance of the current global ecological overload (GEO) for the future of work in the twenty-first century and to propose a new understanding of what work is. Design/methodology/approach To achieve this purpose, the author uses qualitative methods to assess what is likely and what is possible. The author presents three broad-brush future scenarios, dubbed chaos, muddle and wisdom. The approach adopted depends on two basic normative principles, named Liveable Global Habitat and Necessities as of Right. Findings The neoliberal commitment to economic growth is a driver for GEO. A liveable future requires a decisive turn away from neoliberal values. As part of this, the author proposes a new understanding of work, disciplined useful activity, which differs radically from the current understanding. âUsefulâ means contributing to two basic principles: to maintain and enhance a civilised human society and a liveable global habitat for a rich variety of species; and to accord to all people, as of right, in practice and not merely in name, the basic necessities of a civilised life. Social implications AI and robots will probably continue to replace todayâs kinds of human employment. But this need not render any humans unemployed, whose work (in the new sense) will be wanted in, for two examples, caring (including self-care) and participatory democracy. Originality/value This paper offers a contribution to the resolution of the current and anticipated problems of GEO and of disruptive technologies
Opting for opting in? : an evaluation of the European Commissionâs proposals for reforming VAT on financial services
This paper provides a legal and economic analysis of the European Commissionâs recent proposals for reforming the application of VAT to financial services, with particular focus on their âthird pillarâ, under which firms would be allowed to opt-into taxation on exempt insurance and financial services. From a legal perspective, we show that the proposalsâ âfirst and second pillarâ would give rise to considerable interpretative and qualification problems, resulting in as much complexity and legal uncertainty as the current regime. Equally, an option to tax could potentially follow significantly different legal designs, which would give rise to discrepancies in the application of the option amongst Member States. On the economic side, we show that quite generally, when firms cannot coordinate their behaviour, they have an individual incentive to opt-in on business-to-business (B2B) transactions, but not on business-to-consumer (B2C) transactions. We also show that opting in eliminates the cost disadvantage that EU financial services firms face in competing with foreign firms for B2B sales. But, these results do not hold if firms can coordinate their behaviour. An estimate of the upper bound on the amount of tax revenue that might be lost from allowing opting-in is provided for a number of EU countries
THE EUROPEAN UNION AND THE ARCTIC REGION - Communication from the Commission to the Parliament and Council
EU Arctic Policy. EU Commission communication, 200
COMMISSION RECOMMENDATION on the digitisation and online accessibility of cultural material and digital preservation
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