Soil erosion and sediment yield from the degraded Mzinga River Catchment in Uluguru Mountains, Tanzania

This paper reports the results of a project started in 2003/04 undertaken to rehabilitate the degraded Mzinga River catchment in Morogoro region, Tanzania by practicing agroforestry ti improve the environment health and the socio - economic well-being of the local community. The land user free choice catchment conservation approach was used. Soil erosion measurements and sediment yield modelling were done to monitor land use practices that contribute to catchment degradation. The results showed very high soil erosion losses on agricultural lands (33 tons/ha) and low soil losses from fallow (4.8 tons/ha) and degraded miombo woodlands (2.4 tons/ha). High soil losses from fields contribute greatly to high sediment loads in the Mzinga river averaging about 17 tons/ha per year. The soil erosion rates on agricultural land and the sediment yield rates from the catchment show the importance of instituting corrective and sustainable conservation measures to ensure clean water supply to downstream uses and sustainable land resources development projects.KEYWORDS: Catchments rehabilitation /conservation - environmental conservation - sediment yield rates - tree plantin

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The role of short rotation coppice technology in fuelwood supply in Rungwe district, Tanzania

The roles of Short Rotation Coppice (SRC) Technology in fuelwood supply and offsetting CO2 emissions in the Tanzania and most African countries remain poorly understood. This study was carried in Rungwe District, Mbeya region in Tanzania, to determine trends, extent and drivers of adoption of SRC; identify various sources of household energy and assess the contribution of SRC to the total household fuelwood needs, and trees and shrub species used as sources of fuelwood. Data were collected using reconnaissance, field and social surveys and was analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). Results revealed that, 97.5% of local community adopted the SRC technology since 1960s. Eucalyptus spp. are mostly planted in woodlots and field boundaries while Persea americana and Leucaena leucocephala are intercropped in farmlands. The survey indicated that out of 176 tons of fuelwood used annually, 73% comes from SRC technology, 25% from non-SRC technology, and only 2% is purchased to supplement household fuelwood shortage. Local communities depend heavily on biomass energy from woodlots and farmlands where tree species like Eucalyptus spp. plays a key role in meeting the energy demand. This study demonstrates that SRC technologies like woodlots, boundary planting, and intercropping in farmland hold high promise to meet the household energy demand. If promoted and backed with strong policies and supportive land tenure, these technologies may reduce the harvesting pressure on native forests for energy demand and contribute to climate change mitigation and adaptation.Int. J. Agril. Res. Innov. & Tech. 6 (1): 41-46, June, 201

Orbital Evolution of Dust Size Particles Released From Catastrophic Asteroid Disruption

Infrared satellite detectors, such as IRAS (Infrared Astronomical Satellite) and WISE (Wide Field Infrared Survey Explorer), provide observational evidence of catastrophic asteroid disruptions in the form of zodiacal cloud dust bands. With observations of these bands, the asteroid parents and their families (fragments of disruptions) are studied to better understand the zodiacal cloud prior to disruption, as well as how asteroids contribute to the debris disk of the solar system\u27s zodiacal cloud. Before creating models that can be compared to satellite data, the dynamical evolutions of small particles resulting from different disruptions of different ages as they evolve into the inner solar system are tracked. The dynamical evolution code, written in IDL, simulates the orbital elements of small particles during disruption. It takes into consideration the gravitational and radiative forces affecting small particle orbits for specific families within their unique epochs of disruptions. Through plots of temporal variations of numerous orbital elements of the resulting disruptions, this team has begun comparing the dynamical evolution of small particles from different asteroidal disruptions, as they reach Near-Earth Space. Understanding the particles in this region is important for many reasons, including determining potential threats for spacecraft in future missions

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Does influenza A infection increase oxidative damage?

Considerable data implicate oxidative damage in influenza pathogenesis. We examined temporal changes in oxidative damage using accurate biomarkers in an adult cohort with acute influenza infection and their relationships with clinical parameters. Clinical information and blood samples were collected during their acute illness and 3 months later. A fatigue questionnaire was administered 3 months following influenza infection. Thirty-five patients (mean age, 34 years) with polymerase chain reaction-confirmed influenza A infection were included; all patients returned for follow-up assessments. Adjusted levels of plasma F2-isoprostanes, total hydroxyeicosatetraenoic products (HETEs), 7beta-hydroxycholesterol and 7-ketocholesterol, serum gamma-glutamyltransferase, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) were increased during the acute illness compared with age-matched controls. Despite clinical recovery, levels of these biomarkers remained higher at month 3 compared with controls. A proportion of patients had persistent symptoms such as fatigue (23%), myalgia (14%), and arthralgia (11%) at month 3. Patients with significant fatigue had higher baseline levels of plasma F2-isoprostanes, F4-neuroprostanes, and total HETEs compared to those without fatigue. By contrast, patients with persistent arthralgia and myalgia had higher baseline levels of serum hsCRP compared to those without these symptoms. Our observations lead to the hypothesis that oxidative damage participates in the pathogenesis of influenza infection and postinfectious fatigue.published_or_final_versio

Does Tumor Extent on Needle Prostatic Biopsies Influence the Value of Perineural Invasion to Predict Pathologic Stage > T2 in Radical Prostatectomies?

Purpose: Perineural invasion (PNI) on needle prostatic biopsies (NPB) has been controversial as a marker of extraprostatic extension and consequently for planning of nerve-sparing radical prostatectomy (RP). The aim of this study was to find whether tumor extent on NPB influences the value of PNI to predict stage > pT2 on RP. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study was based on 264 consecutive patients submitted to radical retropubic prostatectomy. Their NPB were matched with whole-mount processed and totally embedded surgical specimens. Tumor extent on NPB was evaluated as the percentage of linear tissue in mm containing carcinoma in all cores. Considering the median value, patients were stratified into 2 groups: harboring less or more extensive tumors on NPB. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to relate stage > pT2 to PNI and other clinical and pathological variables. Results: In patients with more extensive tumors, PNI was predictive of stage > pT2 in univariate analysis but not in multivariate analysis. In less extensive tumors, PNI showed no association between any clinical or pathological variables studied; no difference in the time to biochemical progression-free status compared to patients without PNI; and, no predictive value for pathological stage > pT2 on both univariate and multivariate analyses. Conclusion: Tumor extent on NPB influences the predictive value of PNI for pathologic stage > pT2 on RP. With a higher number of small tumors currently detected, there is no evidence that perineural invasion should influence the decision on preservation of the nerve during radical prostatectomy.36443944