Secondary water pore formation for proton transport in a ClC exchanger revealed by an atomistic molecular dynamics simulation

Several prokaryotic ClC proteins have been demonstrated to function as exchangers that transport both chloride ions and protons simultaneously in opposite directions. However, the path of the proton through the ClC exchanger and how the protein brings about the coupled movement of both ions are still unknown. In the present work, we demonstrate that a previously unknown secondary water pore is formed inside a ClC exchanger by using an atomistic molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. From the systematic simulations, it was determined that the glutamate residue exposed to the intracellular solution, E203, plays an important role as a trigger for the formation of the secondary water pore. Based on our simulation results, we conclude that protons in the ClC exchanger are conducted via a water network through the secondary water pore and we propose a new mechanism for the coupled transport of chloride ions and protons

Materiality and surface of the digital print

This paper discusses how the materiality and surface of the digital printmaking process may be seen as visually evidenced in the resulting printed imag

Automatic transversality in contact homology I: Regularity

This paper helps to clarify the status of cylindrical contact homology, a conjectured contact invariant introduced by Eliashberg, Givental, and Hofer in 2000. We explain how heuristic arguments fail to yield a well-defined homological invariant in the presence of multiply covered curves. We then introduce a large subclass of dynamically convex contact forms in dimension 3, termed dynamically separated, and demonstrate automatic transversality holds, therby allowing us to define the desired chain complex. The Reeb orbits of dynamically separated contact forms satisfy a uniform growth condition on their Conley-Zehnder index under iteration, typically up to large action; see Definition 1.15 These contact forms arise naturally as perturbations of Morse-Bott contact forms such as those associated to $S^1$-bundles. In subsequent work, we give a direct proof of invariance for this subclass and, when further proportionality holds between the index and action, powerful geometric computations in a wide variety of examples.Comment: 68 pages, added more information about bad Reeb orbits, added a proof of a beloved folk theorem concerning the factorization of multiply covered curves, contains expository revisions helpfully suggested by the refere

Fundamental flaws in the current cost regulatory capital value method of utility pricing

Jim Cuthbert and Margaret Cuthbert’s most recent analysis of the UK’s utility businesses (see QEC Vol 31 No 3) seeks to challenge the fundamental price setting methodology adopted by utility regulators. The basis of the challenge arises from an estimate of the size of the apparent super normal profits being made by utility companies. From this they conclude that the resultant equity return is too high and so leaves customers paying prices that are too high for the services provided1

Liberty and Community in Marriage: Expanding on Massey’s Proposal for a Community Property Option in New Hampshire

This article argues that intimate partners should have the right to adopt a sharing economy within marriage. Forty-one U.S. states employ a separate property regime for property acquired during marriage; of these, only two allow married couples to opt out of the separate property system and hold their assets as community property. Nine U.S. states are community property states. To encourage equal partnership in marriage, Calvin Massey proposed that New Hampshire, a separate property state, enable a community property option. This essay expands on Massey’s proposal by comparing it to three other marriage reform proposals: two based on privatization, and another focused on equitable distribution laws. To be sure, all four reforms refer to market-metrics, but only the community property option proposal allows for the qualitative claim that an individual has a right to enter into and maintain a marriage between economic equals. Massey’s view was that the state should enable, not frustrate such a right. For this and other reasons, this essay develops a comparative and analytic foundation for Massey’s community property option proposal