Medication use by the driving population

Producción CientíficaThis study investigated patterns of medicine use among Spanish drivers. The study was conducted in the fall of 1993 on 1500 drivers aged over 16, all of whom completed accordingly and then returned the questionnaires. Among those surveyed, 45.1% had used drugs at least once in the previous year, while 17.3% of drivers surveyed were using medicines chronically. Chronic users, the majority of whom were female and belonging to the older age group, were using an average of two drugs. Central nervous system drugs (21.7%), respiratory system drugs (19.2%), cardiovascular system drugs (14.9%) and alimentary tract drugs (14.3%) were the most frequent groups of medication used, Of those surveyed 76.5% who took drugs regularly had never been warned by health professionals about the effects of the medication use on driving skills. The study shows both how often drivers use medication as well as the need to inform patients and drivers about the effect of medication on driving performance

Alcohol use among fatally injured drivers in Spain

Producción CientíficaBlood from 285 fatally injured drivers in Northern Spain was collected and tested for the presence of alcohol and drugs. Alcohol was detected in 50.5% of all fatalities. Alcohol alone was detected in 44.2% of all samples and in the remaining 6.3% another substance was found together with alcohol. Blood alcohol concentration was classified in different levels. It has been observed that in 35.4% of the cases the blood alcohol level was≥0.8 g/l, the legal limit in Spain for car drivers. Alcohol together with other substances was encountered in 18 cases, with medication in 22.2% (4 out of 18), alcohol with illegal drugs in 66.6% of the cases (12 out of 18), and alcohol with medicines and illegal drugs in 11.1% (2 out of 18). Cocaine was the most commonly detected drug. The study shows how widespread the incidence of a high level of alcohol concentration among drivers involved in fatal accidents in Spain

Presence of illegal drugs in drivers involved in fatal road traffic accidents in Spain

Producción CientíficaThis study investigated the presence of illegal drugs in the blood of 285 fatally injured drivers in Spain. Illegal drugs were detected in 10.2% of all samples. Illicit drugs alone were detected in 2.5% and together with other substances in 7.7%. Cocaine was the most common drug detected. The mean number (9S.D.) of substances detected was 2.691.2: consisting of 46 illegal drugs, 14 alcohol cases and 16 medicines. Three concentration levels of the different substances have been established: low, medium and high-toxic. In 68.9% of the samples in which an illegal drug was detected, a substance was also found at the high-toxic level. The results show that illegal drugs are commonly detected in road accident victims

Medication and fitness to drive

Producción CientíficaPurpose The aim of this study is to analyze the consumption patterns of medicaments among motor vehicle drivers who attend ‘Medical Driving Test Centres’ and the relation between habitual consumption of medicaments and fitness to drive. Methods The study was carried out on 8043 drivers who attended 25 Medical Driving Test Centres. Results 24.7% of drivers chronically consume medicaments while 6.8% consume medicaments along with alcohol every day. Of those who chronically consume medicaments with a warning about the medications on driving, 65.8% were considered ‘fit’ to drive, 27.3% ‘fit with restrictions’, 5.1% ‘suspended’ and 0.4% ‘unfit’. Conclusions The results show how frequent the consumption of medicaments along with alcohol is and that the great majority of drivers who take medicaments are considered fit to drive

Contribución al estudio del metamorfismo de Sierra Albarrana (Z.0.M., Córdoba, España)

La Sierra Albarrana está constituida por un conjunto de materiales, principalmente metapelíticos y metaarcósicos, que se integran en dos unidades litoestratigráficas. fundamentales: los Gneises de La Albarrana y los Esquistos y Micaesquistos de La Albariza-Bembezar. Ambas unidades están afectadas por un metamorfismo monocíclico y polifásico articulado en tres fases. La primera (F¡) lleva asociada un metamorfismo regional generalizado de grado medio en condiciones de andalucita-distena. La segunda (F2), que es la fase principal, conforma la esquistosidad dominante y produce bandas de cizalla dúctil, transcurriendo en condiciones de sillimanita - granate - moscovita para evolucionar, posteriormente, en el núcleo de la Sierra, a condiciones de más alto grado con sillimanita - cordierita - feldespato potásico; llegado a esta fase se desarrollan algunas migmatizaciones que originan cuerpos pegmatíticos de naturaleza granítica. La tercera (F3), de menor importancia, tiene un carácter retrógrado. Se muestran y comentan los resultados analíticos de filosilicatos, feldespatos, estaurolita, cordierita, óxidos de Fe y T1 Y granates; se observan en estos últimos, en algunos casos, zonados débiles. Consideraciones topológicos y el uso de la termometría del par biotita - granate y la barometría del par granate - plagioclasa en presencia de cuarzo y silicato de aluminio, permiten estimar una trayectoria metamórfica para el núcleo de Sierra Albarrana, habiéndose determinado para el pico térmico unas condiciones de 675º±25º C, a unas presiones de 4.9±0.5 Kb

Combining tariffs, investment subsidies and soft loans in a renewable electricity deployment policy

Policy combinations and interactions have received a considerable attention in the energy policy realm. The aim of our working paper is to provide insight on the costeffectiveness of combinations of deployment instruments for the same technology. A financial model is developed for this purpose, whereby feed-in tariffs (FITs) and premiums (FIPs) are combined with investment subsidies and soft loans. The results show that combinin deployment instruments is not a cost-containment strategy. However, combinations may lead to different inter-temporal distributions of the same amount of policy costs which can affect the social acceptability and political feasibility of renewable energy support

La contribución de las energías renovables al desarrollo rural sostenible en la Unión Europea: pautas teóricas para el análisis empírico

Ejemplar dedicado a: Marx, Keynes y SchumpeterEl marco en el que se desenvuelve actualmente el sector agrario europeo sitúa al mundo rural en una encrucijada en la que su propia supervivencia como espacio de reproducción social y económica dependerá en buena parte de las funciones social y ambiental de una agricultura abocada a ser multifuncional y del éxito de las políticas del segundo pilar de la PAC, a la sazón denominado Desarrollo Rural. En ese contexto, cobra una gran relevancia la función del mundo rural como espacio proveedor de energías renovables. El presente artículo se centra en esta nueva realidad y pretende, ante la escasez de estudios que de forma empírica analicen la contribución de la producción de energías renovables al desarrollo rural sostenible, dar unas pautas teóricas que de forma sistemática y genérica permitan llevar a cabo estudios empíricos que contrasten el papel que las energías renovables pueden jugar en el mundo rural.Peer reviewe

Patterns of smoking in Spain. Results from a regional general population survey

Producción CientíficaSmoking patterns were examined in 2500 individuals, aged 14-70 years living in Castille and Leon (Spain) in the fall of 1992. Of these, 39.6% were regular smokers, 7.2% were occasional smokers, 14.8% were former smokers, and 30.4% were non-smokers. Sex differences were striking: there was a higher prevalence of regular smokers among males than females, males smoked much more, and were more frequently French-type cigarette smokers. A comparison of the present figures with data from an earlier survey carried out in 1989 suggests that smoking is decreasing in Spain

Aprendiendo de la realidad: una aproximación de aprendizaje basada en proyectos usando materiales auténticos

Communicative competence has been stated by the LOMCE curriculum as one of the preeminent aspects of secondary education. Akbari and Razavi (2015) have asserted that since the mid-1970s Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) has been considered essential to promote the students’ competences for the real world. This implication has been the basis to apply a CLT approach so as to develop the aforementioned aspect. Taking this into account, the present “Trabajo de Fin de Master” aims at developing a learning unit for EFL classroom in secondary education. During the practicum period, I observed that the students presented lack of motivation towards the target language, and, therefore, this learning unit intends to meet this need. With this purpose, a Project- Based Learning methodology will be proposed, in which they will finally be asked to carry out their own newspaper as a final outcome of the project. With the purpose of developing this learning unit, the students will be working with authentic materials extracted from the media. Many authors have elaborated on the benefits that working with real materials have. Melvin and Stout (1987), (cited in Oura, [2001]) found that students were more interested in the language when the materials proposed were authentic and they also perceived an increment in the students’ motivation.<br /

Assesment of Hypoderma infestation in a wild population of Cervus elaphus from mountains Atlantic ecosystems in southwestern Europe (Spain)

[EN] Hypodermosis in Cervus elaphus was studied in the Riaño Regional Hunting Reserve, Province of León, north-western Spain. One hundred and ten red deer were examined for the presence of warble fly larvae. They were analyzed by PCR analysis of the COI region of mt-DNA and identified as Hypoderma actaeon. The prevalence of larvae was 42.7% with a mean intensity of 12.5 ± 18 (range 1–80) warbles/deer infested. The distribution of larvae in the infested animals showed an aggregated/overdispersed pattern (aggregation index = 25.84), where the larvae are not randomly or uniformly distributed, but strongly aggregated among their hosts. Larvae were found in all three states. First and second-instars were observed mainly in the autumn until the end of winter (November-March) and third-instars in late winter until mid-spring (March–May). The adult animals and the males had a higher prevalence than the young and the females, finding statistically significant differences only according to the sex of the animals. Seasonal variations were observed in the prevalence with the highest number of infested animals in winter and autumn, but not in terms of the mean intensity of parasites. Additionally, we assessed the presence of anti-Hypoderma antibodies in serum by means of indirect ELISA tests, using a crude larval extract (CLE) and a purified fraction the hypodermin C (HyC) obtained from first instars of Spanish isolates of Hypoderma lineatum (cattle). These findings confirm that H. actaeon is widely distributed in northern Spain, and provide new information about its chronobiology in mountainous Atlantic ecosystems from southwestern Europe.SIPublicación en abierto financiada por el Consorcio de Bibliotecas Universitarias de Castilla y León (BUCLE), con cargo al Programa Operativo 2014ES16RFOP009 FEDER 2014-2020 DE CASTILLA Y LEÓN, Actuación:20007-CL - Apoyo Consorcio BUCL