Das Lehrlingswesen im zünftigen Handwerk

In dieser Seminararbeit geht es um das Lehrlingswesen im zünftigen Handwerk. Zuerst werden die Quellen beschrieben, aus denen Erkenntnisse zur Entwicklung und Geschichte des Lehrlingswesens gewonnen werden können. Danach werden chronologisch die verschiedenen Etappen einer Lehre beschrieben: die allgemeinen Aufnahmebedingungen, die ein künftiger Lehrling zu erfüllen hatte, wie die ehrliche und eheliche Geburt, ein gewisses Alter, das passende Geschlecht und eine bestimmte Nationalität, zwei Bürgen, sowie das Bürgschafts- und das Lehrgeldd; dann folgt die Probezeit und nach erfolgreicher Absovierung die eigentliche Aufdingung, die feierliche Aufnahme als Lehrling in eine bestimmte Zunft; nach der Lehrzeit, die von unterschiedlicher Dauer sein und sowohl Pflichten für den Lehrling als auch für den Meister beinhaltete, folgte die Freisprechung, mit einer Prüfung und der Austellung des Gesellenbriefes

What supervisors and universities can do to enhance doctoral student experience (and how they can help themselves)

Over the past two decades, there has been a flurry of government papers and policy reports worldwide calling for increased number and diversity of doctoral researchers and a broadening of the curriculum to meet the developing needs of respective national 'knowledge-driven' economies. This has been followed by position papers and best practice examples of employability skills development in boundary-crossing doctoral programmes, especially in response to these initiatives. However, there is a disassociation between this ample literature expounding the new doctorate with its broader remit, inclusivity and production of 'industry-ready' graduates, and the comparatively sparse literature on the doctoral candidates' experiences of their programmes and career readiness. Within this review, we briefly outline international government initiatives and examples of the responses by Life Science and Biomedical doctoral programmes to address these various challenges. Further, we explore the recent literature on the lived experience of doctoral researchers by examining their perception of the recent changes to the research context to make recommendations for universities and supervisors on how to better support an ever more diverse doctoral population for a wide range of career opportunities. Examples of how doctoral researchers themselves can make the best of currently available opportunities are also provided

Politics, the Judeo-Christian Tradition, and the Modern West: Envisioning Political Liberalism through an Arendtian Lens

What role should religion play in the political deliberations and decisions of liberal democratic citizens? In light of recent political phenomena such as Quebec\u27s proposed ban on the wearing of religious symbols in 2013, the constant theocratic threat posed by the religious right as perceived by the secular left and libertarian right in the United States, or the 2009 banning of minarets in Switzerland, this is a pressing question for modern democracy. In this dissertation I argue that religious citizens should be allowed to make recourse to comprehensive accounts of their positions in political debates and decisions, but that these accounts should not dominate these debates and decisions in accordance with the principle of respect for persons. The Judeo-Christian tradition was its source in the West, but respect for persons took political shape following the Wars of Religion that plagued Europe in the 16th and 17th centuries CE. Through the gradual political affirmation of the principle of respect liberal democracies emerging out of these wars experienced the proliferation and multiplication of fundamentally opposed worldviews. What these worldviews shared was and continues to be the affirmation of this principle, and recognition of this fact creates the possibility of liberal democratic political respect, or concord, across fundamental difference. In the liberal democratic world citizens are equalized by their shared affirmation of the principle of respect for persons. My claim is that the principle of political respect allows for expression of the fundamentally irreconcilable worldviews that overlap in affirming the principle of respect in political debates and decisions and that the principle of respect depends on their continually being freely expressed in order to retain its normative force in politics. Drawing heavily on Arendt\u27s writings on religion and morality, I conclude that, despite the supposedly \u22secular\u22 character of liberal democratic politics, the principle of respect for persons must be rooted in exemplary embodiments of morality, which I claim are \u22religious\u22 insofar as they transcend the limits of politics. Jesus of Nazareth is the example to whom Arendt points, but his need not be the only one

A TRADUÇÃO DO TEXTO LITERÁRIO: UM ESTUDO DE CORPUS PARALELO COM O CONTO “MANUSCRITO ENCONTRADO NUMA GARRAFA” DE EDGAR ALLAN POE

O presente artigo propõe a análise da tradução de um texto literário envolvendo um conto do autor norte-americano Edgar Allan Poe: ‘Manuscript found in a bottle’ / “Manuscrito encontrado numa garrafa”, realizada por Brenno Silveira em Antologia de Contos Extraordinários (1959; 2010) e por Clarice Lispector em Histórias extraordinárias de Allan Poe (1975;1998), a fim de comparar o estilo dos dois tradutores e as suas escolhas lexicais. Essa análise dar-se-á com o apoio dos Estudos da Tradução Baseados em Corpus (BAKER,1993; 1995; 1996; 2000) e da Linguística de Corpus (BEBER SARDINHA, 2004), bem como por meio do uso do programa WordSmith Tools, com a perspectiva de identificar o estilo dos tradutores, suas opções de vocábulos equivalentes na tradução para procurar garantir a manutenção dos elementos fundamentais das tramas e para observar as características da linguagem da tradução. O componente metodológico embasa-se nas pesquisas de Sinclair (1991), no que se refere às questões teórico-metodológicas da Linguística de Corpus e à utilização de corpora eletrônicos para o desenvolvimento de estudos nos textos traduzidos.PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Texto literário; Tradução; Linguística de Corpus

Group, field and isolated early-type galaxies II. Global trends from nuclear data

We have derived ages, metallicities and enhanced-element ratios [alpha/Fe] for a sample of 83 early-type galaxies essentially in groups, the field or isolated objects. The stellar population properties derived for each galaxy corresponds to the nuclear r_e/8 aperture extraction. The median age found for Es is 5.8 +- 0.6 Gyr and the average metallicity is +0.37 +- 0.03 dex. For S0s, the median age is 3.0 +- 0.6 Gyr and [Z/H] = 0.53 +- 0.04 dex. We compare the distribution of our galaxies in the Hbeta-[MgFe] diagram with Fornax galaxies. Our elliptical galaxies are 3-4 Gyr younger than Es in the Fornax cluster. We find that the galaxies lie in a plane defined by [Z/H] = 0.99 log sigma_0 - 0.46 log Age - 1.60. More massive (larger sigma_0) and older galaxies present, on average, large [alpha/Fe] values, and therefore, must have undergone shorter star-formation timescales. Comparing group against field/isolated galaxies, it is not clear that environment plays an important role in determining their stellar population history. In particular, our isolated galaxies show ages differing in more than 8 Gyr. Finally we explore our large spectral coverage to derive log(O/H) metallicity from the N2 indicator and compare it with model-dependent [Z/H]. We find that the O/H abundances are similar for all galaxies, and we can interpret it as if most chemical evolution has already finished in them.Comment: 23 pages, 17 postscript figures; accepted for publication in the MNRA

The ability of four strains of Streptococcus uberis to induce clinical mastitis after intramammary inoculation in lactating cows

AIM: To compare the ability of four strains of Streptococcus uberis at two doses to induce clinical mastitis in lactating dairy cows after intramammary inoculation in order to evaluate their usefulness for future experimental infection models. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Four field strains of Streptococcus uberis (26LB, S418, and S523 and SR115) were obtained from cows with clinical mastitis in the Wairarapa and Waikato regions of New Zealand. Twenty-four crossbred lactating cows, with no history of mastitis and absence of major pathogens following culture of milk samples, were randomly allocated to four groups (one per strain) of six cows. Each cow was infused (Day 0) in one quarter with approximately 104 cfu and in the contralateral quarter with approximately 106 cfu of the same strain. The other two quarters remained unchallenged. All four quarters were then inspected for signs of clinical mastitis, by palpation and observation of the foremilk, twice daily from Days 0–9, and composite milk samples were collected from Days 0–8 for analysis of somatic cell counts (SCC). Quarters were treated with penicillin when clinical mastitis was observed. Duplicate milk samples were collected and cultured on presentation of each clinical case and on Day 4 from challenged quarters with no clinical signs. RESULTS: Clinical mastitis was diagnosed in 26/48 (54%) challenged quarters. Challenge with strain S418 resulted in more cases of mastitis (12/12 quarters) than strains SR115 (7/12), 26LB (6/12) or S523 (1/12), and the mean interval from challenge to first diagnosis of mastitis was shorter for S418 than the other strains (p<0.001). The proportion of quarters from which S. uberis could be isolated after challenge was less for strain 26LB (1/6) than SR115 (6/7) (p<0.05), and SCC following challenge was lower for strain S523 than the other strains (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: There were significant differences between the strains in the proportion of quarters developing clinical mastitis, the interval to mastitis onset, SCC following challenge and the proportion of clinical cases from which S. uberis could be isolated. These results illustrate the difference in the ability of S. uberis strains to cause mastitis and the severity of the infections caused. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Experimental challenge models can be used to compare infectivity and pathogenicity of different strains of mastitis-causing bacteria, the efficacy of pharmaceutical products and host-responses in a cost-effective manner.S Notcovich, G deNicolo, NB Williamson, A Grinberg, N Lopez-Villalobos, KR Petrovsk