Métodos de extração de compostos fenólicos da casca melosa do Coffea arábica L.

Brazil leads in coffee production and exportation, as well as being one of the world's largest consumers. Currently, two species predominate in the country's plantations: Arabica (Coffea arabica L.) and Conilon (Coffea canephora). Coffee cultivation generates a significant amount of agro-industrial waste, with approximately 45% of the total weight of coffee beans considered waste, raising concerns about the sustainable management of these by-products. These wastes not only raise environmental concerns but also interest researchers due to their phytochemical composition, particularly phenolic compounds. Phenolic compounds are chemical substances abundant in the pulp and husk of coffee and possess antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and pharmacological properties. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the most effective method for extracting phenolic compounds present in the husk of Arabica coffee, including different extraction equipment (shaker agitation and ultrasonic bath), solvents (100% water and 50% ethanol/water), temperatures (25°C and 50°C), and extraction times (12 and 24 hours for shaker extraction and 1 and 2 hours in the ultrasonic bath). For the determination of total phenol content, the Folin-Ciocalteu colorimetric method was used, and the spectrophotometer equipment was set to a wavelength of 750 nm. The results showed that the extraction method using the shaker incubator with an extraction time of 24 hours was the most effective, yielding the highest percentage of total phenolic compounds (387.89 µg phenolic compounds/g extract). Conversely, extractions performed with ultrasound and purified water under the same temperature conditions resulted in lower phenolic content (109.99 µg/g and 134.13 µg/g). These results can be attributed to the efficiency of the shaker incubator in maintaining constant movement and increasing the interaction between the solvent and the phenolic compounds present in the mucilaginous husk. Despite variations in the amounts of total phenols recovered under different conditions, all results were satisfactory. The use of conventional equipment and common solvents proved to be a viable and safe alternative for extracting compounds of interest from coffee processing residues.O Brasil lidera na produção e exportação de café, além de ser um dos maiores consumidores do mundo. Atualmente, duas espécies predominam nas lavouras do país: o Arábica (Coffea arabica L.) e o Conilon (Coffea canephora).  O cultivo do café gera uma quantidade significativa de resíduos agroindustriais, cerca de 45% do peso total dos grãos de café é considerado resíduo, o que levanta questões sobre a gestão sustentável desses subprodutos. Esses resíduos despertam não só preocupações ambientais, mas também interesse de pesquisadores devido à composição fitoquímica, em destaque, os compostos fenólicos. Os compostos fenólicos são substâncias químicas abundantes na polpa e na casca e apresentam propriedades antioxidantes, anti-inflamatórias e farmacológicas. Assim, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o método mais eficaz para a extração de compostos fenólicos presentes na casca do café arábica, incluindo diferentes equipamentos de extração (agitação em shaker e banho ultrassônico), solventes (água 100% e etanol/água 50%), temperaturas (25°C e 50°C) e tempos de extração (12 e 24 h para extração em shaker e 1 e 2 h no banho ultrassônico). Para a determinação do teor de fenóis totais foi utilizado o método colorimétrico de Folin-Ciocalteu e o equipamento espectrofotômetro em comprimento de onda de 750 nm. Diante dos resultados obtidos, foi constatado que o método de extração utilizando a incubadora shaker como equipamento e tempo de extração de 24 h foram as variáveis mais importantes para obter um maior percentual de compostos fenólicos totais (387,89 µgcompostos fenólicos/gextrato). Em contrapartida, as extrações realizadas com ultrassom e água purificada, sob as mesmas condições de temperatura, resultaram em menores teores de fenólicos (109,99 µg/g e 134,13 µg/g). Os resultados podem ser atribuídos à eficiência da incubadora shaker em manter um movimento constante e aumentar a interação entre o solvente e os compostos fenólicos presentes na casca melosa. Apesar das variações nas quantidades de fenóis totais recuperados sob diferentes condições, todos os resultados foram satisfatórios. O uso de equipamentos convencionais e solventes comuns provou ser uma alternativa viável e segura para a extração de compostos de interesse a partir dos resíduos do processamento do café

Desempenho agronômico de 13 genótipos de girassol no sudoeste baiano

O cultivo de girassol (Helianthus annuus L.) se destaca por ser uma planta de ciclo curto, ter alto teor de óleo nos grãos, aonde o mesmo é utilizado para produção de biodiesel e alimentação humano, podendo também ser empregada para alimentação animal, assim como a silagem da planta e a torta proveniente da extração do óleo. Diante desses fatores, buscou-se avaliar o desempenho da cultura em diferentes condições no Sudoeste Baiano. O experimento foi realizado em condições de campo na área do Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia Baiano Campus Guanambi, avaliando-se o desempenho produtivo de 13 genótipos no semiárido baiano. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados com quatro repetições. O ciclo da cultura foi de 120 dias. Houve diferença estatística (p<0,05) para os caracteres produção de grãos, peso de 1000 aquênios, produção de matéria seca na floração, área foliar, altura de inserção do capítulo, diâmetro do capítulo e o rendimento de óleo, não havendo diferença apenas para os teores de N, P e K no florescimento. Os genótipos CF 101, BRS G43, HÉLIO 250 e SYN 045 foram os que apresentaram simultaneamente maior rendimento de grãos e de óleo. O genótipo CF 101 se destacou por possuir baixa estatura

AMAZONIA CAMTRAP: A data set of mammal, bird, and reptile species recorded with camera traps in the Amazon forest

The Amazon forest has the highest biodiversity on Earth. However, information on Amazonian vertebrate diversity is still deficient and scattered across the published, peer-reviewed, and gray literature and in unpublished raw data. Camera traps are an effective non-invasive method of surveying vertebrates, applicable to different scales of time and space. In this study, we organized and standardized camera trap records from different Amazon regions to compile the most extensive data set of inventories of mammal, bird, and reptile species ever assembled for the area. The complete data set comprises 154,123 records of 317 species (185 birds, 119 mammals, and 13 reptiles) gathered from surveys from the Amazonian portion of eight countries (Brazil, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Peru, Suriname, and Venezuela). The most frequently recorded species per taxa were: mammals: Cuniculus paca (11,907 records); birds: Pauxi tuberosa (3713 records); and reptiles: Tupinambis teguixin (716 records). The information detailed in this data paper opens up opportunities for new ecological studies at different spatial and temporal scales, allowing for a more accurate evaluation of the effects of habitat loss, fragmentation, climate change, and other human-mediated defaunation processes in one of the most important and threatened tropical environments in the world. The data set is not copyright restricted; please cite this data paper when using its data in publications and we also request that researchers and educators inform us of how they are using these data

ATLANTIC BIRD TRAITS: a data set of bird morphological traits from the Atlantic forests of South America

Scientists have long been trying to understand why the Neotropical region holds the highest diversity of birds on Earth. Recently, there has been increased interest in morphological variation between and within species, and in how climate, topography, and anthropogenic pressures may explain and affect phenotypic variation. Because morphological data are not always available for many species at the local or regional scale, we are limited in our understanding of intra- and interspecies spatial morphological variation. Here, we present the ATLANTIC BIRD TRAITS, a data set that includes measurements of up to 44 morphological traits in 67,197 bird records from 2,790 populations distributed throughout the Atlantic forests of South America. This data set comprises information, compiled over two centuries (1820–2018), for 711 bird species, which represent 80% of all known bird diversity in the Atlantic Forest. Among the most commonly reported traits are sex (n = 65,717), age (n = 63,852), body mass (n = 58,768), flight molt presence (n = 44,941), molt presence (n = 44,847), body molt presence (n = 44,606), tail length (n = 43,005), reproductive stage (n = 42,588), bill length (n = 37,409), body length (n = 28,394), right wing length (n = 21,950), tarsus length (n = 20,342), and wing length (n = 18,071). The most frequently recorded species are Chiroxiphia caudata (n = 1,837), Turdus albicollis (n = 1,658), Trichothraupis melanops (n = 1,468), Turdus leucomelas (n = 1,436), and Basileuterus culicivorus (n = 1,384). The species recorded in the greatest number of sampling localities are Basileuterus culicivorus (n = 243), Trichothraupis melanops (n = 242), Chiroxiphia caudata (n = 210), Platyrinchus mystaceus (n = 208), and Turdus rufiventris (n = 191). ATLANTIC BIRD TRAITS (ABT) is the most comprehensive data set on measurements of bird morphological traits found in a biodiversity hotspot; it provides data for basic and applied research at multiple scales, from individual to community, and from the local to the macroecological perspectives. No copyright or proprietary restrictions are associated with the use of this data set. Please cite this data paper when the data are used in publications or teaching and educational activities. © 2019 The Authors. Ecology © 2019 The Ecological Society of Americ

ATLANTIC BIRD TRAITS

Scientists have long been trying to understand why the Neotropical region holds the highest diversity of birds on Earth. Recently, there has been increased interest in morphological variation between and within species, and in how climate, topography, and anthropogenic pressures may explain and affect phenotypic variation. Because morphological data are not always available for many species at the local or regional scale, we are limited in our understanding of intra- and interspecies spatial morphological variation. Here, we present the ATLANTIC BIRD TRAITS, a data set that includes measurements of up to 44 morphological traits in 67,197 bird records from 2,790 populations distributed throughout the Atlantic forests of South America. This data set comprises information, compiled over two centuries (1820–2018), for 711 bird species, which represent 80% of all known bird diversity in the Atlantic Forest. Among the most commonly reported traits are sex (n = 65,717), age (n = 63,852), body mass (n = 58,768), flight molt presence (n = 44,941), molt presence (n = 44,847), body molt presence (n = 44,606), tail length (n = 43,005), reproductive stage (n = 42,588), bill length (n = 37,409), body length (n = 28,394), right wing length (n = 21,950), tarsus length (n = 20,342), and wing length (n = 18,071). The most frequently recorded species are Chiroxiphia caudata (n = 1,837), Turdus albicollis (n = 1,658), Trichothraupis melanops (n = 1,468), Turdus leucomelas (n = 1,436), and Basileuterus culicivorus (n = 1,384). The species recorded in the greatest number of sampling localities are Basileuterus culicivorus (n = 243), Trichothraupis melanops (n = 242), Chiroxiphia caudata (n = 210), Platyrinchus mystaceus (n = 208), and Turdus rufiventris (n = 191). ATLANTIC BIRD TRAITS (ABT) is the most comprehensive data set on measurements of bird morphological traits found in a biodiversity hotspot; it provides data for basic and applied research at multiple scales, from individual to community, and from the local to the macroecological perspectives. No copyright or proprietary restrictions are associated with the use of this data set. Please cite this data paper when the data are used in publications or teaching and educational activities. © 2019 The Authors. Ecology © 2019 The Ecological Society of Americ