STUDY OF POTENTIAL ENDOPHYTES IN CONTROL OF THE CAUSAL AGENT IN TOMATO FUSARIOSIS

RESUMO: O presente trabalho objetivou avaliar a capacidade antimicrobiana in vitro, de diferentes extratos de fungos endofíticos, como alternativa no biocontrole de Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici. Foram obtidos oito isolados endofíticos de plantas do Cerrado Maranhense e de interesse econômico, a saber: aroeira (Myracrodruon urundeuva Allemão), jenipapo (Genipa americana L.), milho (Zea Mays L.), mandioca (Manihot esculenta Crantz), vinagreira (Hibiscus sabidariffa L.) e graviola (Annona muricata L.). Os isolados endofiticos das espécies foram identificados em Aspergillus niger e Penicillium italicum, com características morfológicas distintas entre as colônias e todos os isolados endofíticos verificou-se crescimento mediano. Para a atividade antimicrobiana, foi realizada a extração dos metabólitos dos isolados endofiticos com os solventes: Acetato de Etila, Clorofórmio e Diclorometano, posteriormente realizado o bioensaio através do confronto direto do antagonista (endófito) sobre o Fusarium Oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici, raça 1, pelo método de difusão em ágar. Os extratos dos isolados endofíticos obtidos do solvente Clorofórmio apresentaram capacidade inibitória, assim interferindo no crescimento do Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici raça. Que foram provenientes do caule milho (II) e de jenipapo, com diâmetros de 13mm e 11mm, respectivamente, os outros extratos dos isolados apresentaram halos de inibição inferior. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: antibiose, controle biológico, fitopatógeno.ABSTRACT: This study aimed to evaluate the ability antimicrobial in vitro of different extracts of endophytic fungi as an alternative in biocontrol of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici. Eight endophytic isolates were obtained from plants of the Cerrado Maranhense and economic interest, namely: mastic (Myracrodruon urundeuva Allemão), jenipapo (Genipa americana L.), maize (Zea Mays L.), cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz), vinegar (Hibiscus sabidariffa L.) and soursop (Annona muricata L.). The isolated endophytic species were identified in Aspergillus niger and Penicillium italicum, with distinct morphological characteristics between the colonies and all endophytic growth medium was found. Antimicrobial activity was performed to extract the metabolites of endophytic isolates with solvents: Ethyl Acetate, Chloroform and Dichloromethane subsequently performed bioassay through direct confrontation of the antagonist (endophyte) on Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici race 1, by agar diffusion method. The extracts of endophytic isolates obtained from solvent Chloroform showed inhibitory capacity, thus interfering with the growth of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici race 1 were derived stem corn (II) and jenipapo with diameters of 13 mm and 11 mm, respectively, the other extracts of the isolates showed inhibition halos below.   KEYWORD: antibiosis, biological control, plant pathogen

Effects of different levels of irrigation suppression and fertigation on potato yield

With the limitation in the availability of water for agriculture and the high costs of fertilizers, it is necessary to adopt strategies for water and nutritional management of agricultural crops. The objective of this study was to evaluate the morphological and physiological characteristics and productivity of potato under the influence of suppression of irrigation and fertigation in Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil. The experiment was carried out in randomized blocks, conducted in the field, using a 3 x 2 factorial scheme. Different times of irrigation suppression were studied at 80, 90 and 100 days after planting, along with forms of fertigation, following the rate of crop absorption and equivalent fertigation. The imposition of irrigation suppression at 100 days, linked to fertigation following the rate of crop absorption, showed a positive effect on the aerial fresh mass of the potato variety studied, especially promoting the increase in productivity, which was 47.82 t ha-1, and efficiency in water use, which was 10.53 kg of tubers per cubic meter of water. This observation indicates that the application of fertilizers, in sync with the needs of the crop, can improve the efficiency of water use and increase productivity. These findings highlight the importance of integrated strategies to optimize potato cultivation and make it more resistant to adversity, seeking a more sustainable and productive agriculture.With the limitation in the availability of water for agriculture and the high costs of fertilizers, it is necessary to adopt strategies for water and nutritional management of agricultural crops. The objective of this study was to evaluate the morphological and physiological characteristics and productivity of potato under the influence of suppression of irrigation and fertigation in Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil. The experiment was carried out in randomized blocks, conducted in the field, using a 3 x 2 factorial scheme. Different times of irrigation suppression were studied at 80, 90 and 100 days after planting, along with forms of fertigation, following the rate of crop absorption and equivalent fertigation. The imposition of irrigation suppression at 100 days, linked to fertigation following the rate of crop absorption, showed a positive effect on the aerial fresh mass of the potato variety studied, especially promoting the increase in productivity, which was 47.82 t ha-1, and efficiency in water use, which was 10.53 kg of tubers per cubic meter of water. This observation indicates that the application of fertilizers, in sync with the needs of the crop, can improve the efficiency of water use and increase productivity. These findings highlight the importance of integrated strategies to optimize potato cultivation and make it more resistant to adversity, seeking a more sustainable and productive agriculture

USO DE Bacillus spp. NO CONTROLE DE FITOPATÓGENOS EM SEMENTES DE SOJA VARIEDADE BRS VALIOSA RR

ABSTRACT: This study aimed to evaluate the biological control of plant pathogens of soybean seed microbiolization performing with Bacillus spp., B. polymyxa, B. cereus, B. pumilus and B. licheniformis. For the sanity test method was employed the Blotter Test. Seeds of soybean cultivar BRS Valiosa RR. The seeds were microbiolized with the bacterial suspension in saline (0.85% NaCl) at a concentration of OD540 = 0.5 AA and brought to a shaking table for 30 minutes. Seeds were plated on filter paper in experiments conducted in the laboratory with a completely randomized design with six treatments and five replications. We evaluated the incidence and reduction of pathogens in seeds. There was the assessment of healthy and infected seeds. The BRS Valiosa RR showed 48% of healthy seeds and 52% of infected seeds. According to the analysis of the incidence and control of pathogens in seeds with the use of Bacillus spp., the species Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus pumilus showed the highest percentage rates of control in the range used in the experiment.   KEYWORD: biological control, health, microbiolization.RESUMO: O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o controle biológico de fitopatógenos da soja realizando microbiolização de sementes com Bacillus spp., B. polymyxa, B. cereus, B. pumilus e B. licheniformis. Para o teste de sanidade foi empregado o método do Blotter Test. Foram utilizadas sementes de soja da variedade BRS Valiosa RR. As sementes foram microbiolizadas com a suspensão de bactérias em solução salina (NaCl 0,85 %), na concentração de OD540 = 0,5 AA e levadas à mesa de agitação por 30 minutos. As sementes foram plaqueadas em papel de filtro em experimentos conduzidos em laboratório com delineamento inteiramente casualizado com seis tratamentos e cinco repetições. Os parâmetros avaliados foram incidência e redução dos patógenos em sementes de soja. Houve a avaliação de sementes sadias e infectadas. A variedade BRS valiosa RR apresentou 48 % de sementes sadias e 52% de sementes infectadas. De acordo com a análise da incidência e controle de fitopatógenos em sementes de soja com uso de Bacillus spp., as espécies Bacillus licheniformis e Bacillus pumilus apresentaram os maiores índices percentuais de controle na variedade utilizada no experimento.   PALAVRAS-CHAVE: controle biológico, microbiolização, sanidade

SEVERIDADE DE Cercospora sojina HARA EM SOJA TRANSGÊNICA BRS VALIOSA RR NO ESTADO DO MARANHÃO, SOB DIFERENTES DOSAGENS DE AGROSILÍCIO

ABSTRACT: Soybean Glycine max (L.) Merrill is affected by the field wide range  of  fungal diseases, some bacteria, and viruses and nematodes. Cercospora leaf spot, or stain-frog-eye, caused by the fungus Cercospora sojina Hara, causes severe  losses  in soybean cultivation. Currently, there is evidence of 25 races of the pathogen in Brazil and new races may occur. Goal from work was to determine the level  of  incidence of C. sojina Hara in transgenic soybean  BRS Valuable RR  Maranhão.  The test was installedin the area of the Rural Union of Empress, located  in BR 010 Km 24. The experiment was arranged in blocks with split plot design with four replications, were used five treatments with five different doses of agrosilício. The evaluation of the experiment was carried out 60 days after planting and is performed by visual readings, using a diagrammatic key to the quantification of disease to late season soybean crop. Symptoms were found to stain eye frog in only 9 parcels, most of the infected plants showed leaf area with patches of 1 to 5% and 6-15%, treatments with 0 and 8 t / ha  agrosilício a higher incidence of gray leaf spot , doses 1, 2 and 4 t / ha agrosilício not differ in disease incidence.   KEY- WORDS: cercosporiose, culture, incidence.RESUMO: A soja Glycine max (L.) Merrill é afetada no campo por várias doenças fúngicas, algumas bacterianas, além de viroses e nematóides. A cercosporiose ou mancha olho de rã, provocada pelo fungo Cercospora sojina Hara, causa perdas no cultivo da soja. Atualmente, há evidências de 25 raças do patógeno no Brasil e novas raças podem ocorrer. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar o nível de incidência de C. sojina Hara na cultivar de soja transgênica BRS Valiosa RR no Maranhão. O Ensaio foi instalado na área do Sindicato Rural de Imperatriz, localizado na BR 010 Km, 24. O Delineamento foi disposto em blocos ao acaso com parcelas subdivididas com 4 repetições, Foram utilizados 5 tratamentos com 5 doses diferentes de agrosilício. A avaliação do experimento foi realizada após 60 dias após o plantio e realizado por meio de leituras visuais, através de uma escala diagramática para a quantificação das enfermidades de final de ciclo para a cultura da soja. Foram encontrados sintomas de mancha olho de rã em apenas 9 parcelas, a maioria das plantas infectadas apresentaram área foliar com manchas de 1 a 5% e 6 a 15%, Os tratamentos com 0 e 8 t/ha de agrosilício apresentaram maior incidência de cercosporiose, dosagens 1, 2 e 4 t/ha de agrosilício não diferiram em relação à incidência da doença. PALAVRAS –CHAVE: cercosporiose, cultura, incidência

IMPLICATIONS OF FUNGI ASSOCIATED WITH SEEDS OF SOYBEAN VARIETY BRS VALUABLE RR

RESUMO: A utilização de sementes de boa qualidade sanitária no plantio é um fator de fundamental importância para o estabelecimento da lavoura, uma vez que a sementes pode servir como fonte de inoculo. Com o presente trabalho se objetivou identificar os principais fungos associados às sementes de soja transgênica variedade BRS Valiosa RR. A análise sanitária foi conduzida no Laboratório de Fitopatologia do Centro de Estudos Superiores de Imperatriz da Universidade Estadual do Maranhão, utilizando-se o “blotter test” de acordo com as Regras para analise de Sementes, do Ministério da Agricultura. As sementes foram incubadas em condições de fotoperíodo por sete dias, com incidência de luz branca fluorescente num intervalo de 12 horas de luz e 12 horas de escuro, à temperatura de aproximadamente 26±5 0C, durante sete dias. Após esse período as sementes foram examinadas individualmente, sob microscópio estereoscópico e óptico e os resultados foram expressos em percentagem de incidência de fungos. Foram identificados cinco gêneros de fungos: Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Rizopus sp., Colletotrichum truncatum, Fusarium semitectum, Penicillium sp. Os quais podem afetar o desenvolvimento de plântulas no campo. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: patógenos, sanidade, qualidade.ABSTRACT: The use of good quality seeds to plant health is a factor of considerable importance for the establishment of the crop, since the seed is directly associated with the transmission of pathogens in culture. The present work is aimed to identify the fungi associated with seeds of transgenic soybean variety BRS Valuable RR. Health Analysis was conducted at the Laboratory of Phytopathology, Centre for Advanced Studies at the University of Imperatriz, Maranhão State, using the “blotter test” in accordance with the Rules for Seed Testing, Ministry of Agriculture.  The seeds were incubated in photoperiod for seven days, with an incidence of whitefluorescent light at an interval of 12 hours light and 12 hours of darkness at a temperature of approximately 26 ± 5 0C for seven days. After this period the seedswere examined individually under a stereomicroscope and optical and results were expressed as a percentage incidence of fungi. We identified five genera of fungi: Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Rizopus sp., Colletotrichum truncatum, Fusarium emitectum, Penicillium sp. This may affect the development of seedlings in the field.   KEY-WORDS: pathogens, quality, sanity

QUALIDADE FITOSSANITÁRIA DAS CASCAS DE AROEIRA (Myrocroduon urundeuva Allemão) E CATUABA (Erythroxylum vacciniifolium Mart.) COMERCIALIZADAS EM FEIRAS MUNICIPAIS DE IMPERATRIZ, MA

The use of medicinal plants has become very representative, because it is marketed as an alternative medicine to cure certain diseases. Even with the advancement of the pharmaceutical industry and the evolution of the science of medicine, the use of these plants for the extraction of the active substance and plant material is still indispensable. This study aimed to perform the analysis in plant husks mastic (Myrocroduon urundeuva Allemão) and catuaba (Erythroxylum vacciniifolium Mart.), marketed in Imperatriz, MA. Held collection of mastic and catuaba bark, three county fairs, these were packaged in plastic bags and sent to the Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Microbiology and Food at the State University of Maranhão - Center of Study Top Empress, where the shells through the process of surface disinfection with 70% alcohol, sodium hypochlorite and distilled water and 2 were inoculated in standard potato, and dextrose agar (PDA), and maintained in the laboratory under controlled temperature between 25-30 ° C for seven days. In the analysis of fungal incidence were identified: Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Fusarium moniliforme, Fusarium solani, Penicillium italicum and Rhizopus sp. However, Aspergillus sp. and Fusarium sp. were the most frequent.   KEYWORDS: fungi, medicinal plants, mycotoxins.O uso de plantas medicinais tornou-se muito representativo, pelo fato de ser comercializada como medicamento alternativo para a cura de determinadas doenças. Mesmo com o avanço da indústria farmacêutica e a evolução da ciência de medicamentos, o uso dessas plantas para a extração de substância ativa e material vegetativo ainda é indispensável. O presente trabalho objetivou realizar a análise fitossanitária em cascas de aroeira (Myrocroduon urundeuva Allemão) e catuaba (Erythroxylum vacciniifolium Mart.), comercializadas em Imperatriz, MA. Realizou-se a coleta das cascas de aroeira e catuaba, em três feiras do município, estas foram acondicionadas em sacos plásticos e encaminhadas ao Laboratório de Fitopatologia, Microbiologia e Alimentos da Universidade Estadual do Maranhão – Centro de Estudos Superiores de Imperatriz, onde as cascas passaram pelo processo de desinfestação superficial com álcool 70%, hipoclorito de sódio a 2 e água destilada e, foram inoculadas em meio padrão de Batata, Dextrose e Ágar (BDA) e, mantidas em laboratório na condições controladas de temperatura entre 25-30°C, por sete dias. Na análise de incidência fúngica foram identificados: Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Fusarium moniliforme, Fusarium solani, Penicillium italicum e Rhizopus sp. Contudo, os gêneros Aspergillus sp. e Fusarium sp. foram os de maior ocorrência. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: fungos, micotoxinas, plantas medicinais

Exploring the potential prebiotic effects of Opuntia dillenii (Ker Gawl). Haw (Cactaceae) cladodes on human intestinal microbiota

This study evaluated the physicochemical properties, antioxidant capacity, and potential prebiotic effects on the human intestinal microbiota of freeze-dried Opuntia dillenii (Ker Gawl). Haw] (Cactaceae) cladodes (FDOd). FDOd had high levels of total fiber (52.36 g/100 g), especially soluble fiber (33.36 g/100 g), as well as minerals, such as potassium (4415.49 mg/100 g), calcium (1593.25 mg/100 g), magnesium (853.55 mg/100 g), and phosphorus (209.04 mg/100 g), high total chlorophyll content (912.00 mg/100 g), presence of various phenolic compounds, such as catechin (41.00 mg/100 g), myricetin (785.00 mg/100 g), isorhamnetin (5.00 mg/100 g), rutin (42 mg/100 g), and antioxidant activity (ABTS•+: 0.51 µmol TEAC/g; DPPH•: 0.32 µmol TEAC/g; FRAP: 2.75 µmol FeSO4/g). Fermentation of FDOd using human fecal inoculum changed the composition and metabolic activity of intestinal microbiota, increasing the relative abundance of Ligilactobacillus (0.03 %–16.44 %), Lactiplantibacillus (0.00 %–1.11 %), and Agathobacter (1.80 %–4.23 %), and decreasing the relative abundance of Prevotella_9 (25.08 %–0.15 %) and Succinivibrio (24.77 %–1.54 %). FDOd influenced the metabolic profile of the intestinal microbiota with the production of various metabolites, including short- and medium-chain fatty acids, organic acids, essential amino acids, and other compound classes with health-promoting properties. The results indicate FDOd as a new ingredient with prebiotic properties in the human intestinal microbiota