Productive Structure and Income Distribution: the Brazilian Case.

This study deals with the impacts of structural changes on income distribution in Brazil in the period 1992-2002. A Pure Leontief Model and a Leontief-Miazawa Model were utilized to portray the structure of the economy in both years, and to perform counterfactual simulations on some important changes occurring during the period. The methodology allowed for the identification of the high and low inequality sectors in both years, and to their contribution to the increasing inequality during the period. It is interesting to notice that some sectors with low internal inequality ended-up provoking increased global inequality through their interaction pattern with other sectors in the economy,and through the consumption structure. The results also indicate that the change in sectoral shares in the period contributed to diminishing inequality. Therefore, the causes for increasing inequality remains within the distribution of wages within the sectors.

Estudo da radiosidade com aplicação de métodos estocásticos e teste num problema de iluminação pública

Orientador: Sérgio ScheerInclui apêndiceDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Tecnologia e Setor de Ciências Exatas, Programa de Pós-Graduaçao em Métodos Numéricos em Engenharia. Defesa: Curitiba, 2005Inclui bibliografiaÁrea de concentração: Mecânica computaciona

A community public health programme to control iron-deficiency anemia through iron-fortification of drinking water

On a global basic, an estimated 2 billion people are iron deficient or anaemic with small children and child bearing age women most likely to be affected. In Brazil a recent 2009 meta-analysis of anaemia considered it to be a serious public health problem affecting 53% of children under 5 years. Fortification and supplementation of food can make and important contribution to the reduction of iron anaemia. Our studies on anaemia and iron fortification of drinking water showed a large prevalence of anaemia among under 5 children attending day-care institutions. After 3 to 6 months drinking iron fortified water it was shown a decrease of anaemic children. It was shown that the iron fortification of drinking water can be considered an easy and practical way to supply iron to children at community level. It is a vehicle available everywhere. It is consumed everyday by everyone, has a much lower price than any other iron food carrier and/or pharmaceutical supplements. The water may be easily fortified locally, the iron sulfate is low-priced and used in small amounts with highly bioavailable iron. Its effectiveness was scientifically shown and was strategically supported by the Community, the Public Health Workers and got Municipal Government approval and support

INTRODUÇÃO AOS MÉTODOS VARIACIONAIS

Variational methods are techniques developed and applied to solve certain differential equations, finding critical points of a functional associated with such equation. The main objective of this research is to determine sufficient conditions for some ordinary differential equations (ODEs) to have solutions via variational methods. For this purpose, the concept of weak derivative was initially defined, followed by the well-known Sobolev spaces. In these spaces, the so-called weak solution of the given differential equation was established in order to later solve the ODE, that is, to find one of its possible solutions. As for the methodology used in this article, it is an exploratory and bibliographic research with a qualitative approach. The results of this study highlight the use of the Mountain Pass Theorem, which provides some conditions of the functional, including the Palais-Smale condition, under which the functional associated with the equation has a critical point. It is concluded at the end of the research that the methods in question are a powerful tool for solving certain ordinary differential equations, whose traditional methods are not sufficient to solve.Los métodos variacionales son técnicas desarrolladas y aplicadas para resolver ciertas ecuaciones diferenciales, encontrando puntos críticos de una funcional asociada a tal ecuación. El objetivo principal de esta investigación es determinar condiciones suficientes para que algunas ecuaciones diferenciales ordinarias (EDO) tengan soluciones mediante métodos variacionales. Para esto, inicialmente se definió el concepto de derivada débil y luego los conocidos espacios de Sobolev. En estos espacios, se estableció lo que llamamos solución débil de la ecuación diferencial dada, para más tarde resolver la EDO, es decir, encontrar una de sus posibles soluciones. En cuanto a la metodología utilizada en este artículo, es una investigación exploratoria y bibliográfica con un enfoque cualitativo. Los resultados de este estudio destacan el uso del teorema del Paso de la Montaña, que proporciona algunas condiciones de la funcional, incluida la condición de Palais-Smale, bajo la cual la funcional asociada a la ecuación tiene un punto crítico. Al final de la investigación, se concluye que los métodos en cuestión son una herramienta poderosa para resolver ciertas ecuaciones diferenciales ordinarias, cuyos métodos tradicionales no son suficientes para resolver.Os Métodos Variacionais são técnicas desenvolvidas e aplicadas para resolver certas equações diferenciais, encontrando pontos críticos de um funcional associado a tal equação. Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo principal determinar condições suficientes para que algumas equações diferenciais ordinárias (EDO) possuam solução via Métodos Variacionais. Para isso, inicialmente, foram definidos o conceito de derivada fraca e, em seguida, os conhecidos espaços de Sobolev. Nesses espaços, estabeleceu-se o que chamamos de solução fraca da equação diferencial dada, para, mais tarde, resolver a EDO, isto é, encontrar uma de suas soluções possíveis. Quanto à metodologia utilizada neste artigo, temos uma pesquisa exploratória e bibliográfica, e a abordagem qualitativa. Como resultados deste estudo, destaca-se a utilização do Teorema do Passo da Montanha, que fornece algumas condições do funcional, entre elas a condição de Palais-Smale, sob as quais o funcional associado à equação tem ponto crítico. Conclui-se, no final da pesquisa, que os métodos em questão são uma ferramenta poderosa para resolução de determinadas equações diferenciais ordinárias, cujos métodos tradicionais não são suficientes para resolver

Iron-Fortified Drinking Water Studies for the Prevention of Children's Anemia in Developing Countries

Anemia and iron deficiency should receive special attention considering their high prevalence and serious consequences. For prevention, globally it is recommended to increase dietary iron intake, iron fortification of industrialized foods, and medical iron supplementation. Food fortification for the prevention of iron deficiency in developing countries should consider carriers locally available and consumed daily, requiring limited infrastructure and technology. Drinking water is the iron carrier we have been working for years for the prevention of iron deficiency and anemia in small children in Brazil. It was shown that studies with iron-fortified drinking water were proved to be effective on children's anemia prevention. Water is found everywhere, consumed daily by everyone may be easily fortified with simple technology, is low priced and was effective on the prevention of children's anemia. Fortification of drinking water with iron was locally implemented with the direct participation of the government and community. Government authorities, health personnel and population were part of the project and responsible for its community implementation. The mayor/municipality permitted and supported the proposal to supply it to children at their day-care centers. To keep the children drinking water iron fortified supply an officially authorized legislation was also approved

ENSINO DE FÍSICA E AS NOVAS TECNOLOGIAS: EXPLORANDO SIMULAÇÕES, EXPERIMENTOS VIRTUAIS E O SOFTWARE GEOGEBRA

A Física Clássica encontra-se no estado concreto-abstrato, no qual o sujeito acrescenta voluntariamente esquemas geométricos à abstração (BACHELARD, 1996, p. 7-15). Nesse sentido, os signos visuais são recursos didáticos pertinentes para o ensino-aprendizagem da Física Clássica e, concomitantemente, se não bem diferenciados dos objetos, tornam-se potenciais obstáculos epistemológicos. Além do mais, como os sentidos e significados estão no âmago da aprendizagem significativa, o uso do registro figural em consonância com o linguístico e o simbólico (DUVAL, 2012) se faz bem empregado

Indução da ovulação do primeiro folículo dominante em vacas de corte pós-parto

The objective of this study was to investigate the response of the first dominant follicle postpartum to different treatments to induce ovulation. Twenty-eight cows were submitted to daily ultrasound examination starting at 10 days postpartum. The size and number of follicles present in the ovaries were measured. Upon diagnosis of a dominant follicle the cows were submitted at random to one of the following treatments: GnRH (0.5 mg gonadorelin i. m.); E2 (2 mg estradiol cypionate i.m.); Desmame (temporarily weaned for 48 h); MAP + GnRH (0.5 mg gonadorelin i.m., pre-treated with pessaries impregnated with 250 mg of medroxiprogesterone (MAP) for nine days); MAP+E2 (2 mg estradiol cypionate i. m., pre-treated with the progestagen during nine days); and Control (four cows, untreated). The dominant follicle in the ovaries was detected between 11 and 29 days postpartum. No peculiar effect of treatments on any of the analysed variables was detected. The FD decreased in size by the third day, plasmatic progesterone level increased significantly on Day 6 and ovulation began on Day 2 after the treatment, as indicated by daily ovulation rate. The mean population of follicles detected in the ovaries is about 10, presenting some increase at Days 2 and 3, probably due to the number of small follicles. Irrespective of the small number of cows per group in this study, high ovulation rates (~80%) were observed in groups submitted to the hormonal treatments. The results indicate that the first dominant follicle postpartum responds to hormonal agents with ovulation, which could be used to prime the resumption of normal ovarian function of early postpartum beef cows

Perfil Profissional, Obrigações Jurídicas E Condutas Dos Ortodontistas Frente à Prevenção De Litígios

Orthodontic treatment requires ethical and legal attitudes from professionals since the first contact with the patient. Thus, this study assessed professional profile, legal obligations in provision of care, and the conduct of orthodontists in terms of litigation prevention during their professional practice. Questionnaires were emailed to 1653 Brazilian orthodontists, asking for information such as: age, gender, graduate orthodontic education, time of work in orthodontics, place of graduate education, time since graduation, and information regarding the legal criteria involved in the orthodontic treatment. Data were tabulated using absolute and relative frequencies. The chi-square test (p<0.05) was used to verify the association among nominal qualitative variables. Only 163 orthodontists participated in the study, wherein men represented 60.5% and women 39.5% of the sample. It was clear that professionals most recently graduated are the ones that mostly use the care provision contract, and the ones that mostly request teleradiographs. The female gender offered more treatment options, clarified the estimated treatment time more often, and was less involved in legal issues. On the other hand, the male gender requested cephalometry more often. Most professionals request the control radiograph, and all of them file the medical records of patients. Few professionals use the professional liability insurance. The results of the present study indicate a highly heterogeneous professional profile. The female gender dominates the field of expertise, and they seem to be more careful regarding legal obligations.32382983