A área de livre comércio das Américas e os interesses da União Europeia na América Latina

Tese de Doutoramento em Ciências Económicas (Especialidade Economia Internacional)O Mercosul tornou-se uma zona de interesse estratégico, tanto para os EUA quanto para a União Europeia. Para os EUA, o Mercosul constitui um meio de ampliar o NAFTA a todo o continente americano, aumentando o poder político-económico norte-americano na América do Sul e alargando o mercado às empresas americanas. A criação da ALCA em 2005 daria corpo às pretensões norte-americanas, de criar no sub-continente o prolongamento “natural” do NAFTA. Para a União Europeia, o Mercosul representa um grande mercado das suas exportações e o destino de vultosos investimentos. Um acordo com o Mercosul seria determinante para aumentar a influência económica e política da UE naquela região e corporizaria os interesses da EU em manter os seus fluxos de trocas e investimentos. Neste trabalho problematizamos a constituição da ALCA e os seus efeitos para as relações da União Europeia com o Mercosul. Estabelecemos quatro cenários relativamente à concretização da ALCA, à manutenção do Mercosul e à criação de uma área de comércio livre UE/Mercosul. Para cada cenário identificamos a probabilidade de ocorrência e avaliamos os respectivos interesses e consequências para a UE. Embora a criação da ALCA implique prejuízos económicos para a UE e acarrete uma perda do seu peso económico e político na região, este é o cenário mais provável. Em consequência, a UE tem todo o interesse na criação de uma área de comércio livre UE/Mercosul (embora maximizasse os seus interesses num cenário de inexistência de ALCA). Finalmente, este trabalho alerta para os custos da morosidade do processo negocial conducente à formação da área de comércio livre UE/Mercosul.Mercosul has become an area of strategic interest both to the United States and the European Union. For the US, Mercosul is a means to expand NAFTA to the whole American continent, increasing its political and economic power in America. The establishment of FTAA in 2005 would formalize the US intention of making, in the sub-continent the “natural” prolongation (maintenance) of NAFTA. For the EU, Mercosul represents one of its biggest export markets and the destination of important investments. An agreement with Mercosul could be determinant to increase the political and economic influence of the EU in the region and would denote (indicate) EU interest in maintaining its flows of trade and investment. In this work we problematize the establishment of the FTAA and its effects to the EU- Mercosul relations. We present four scenarios relating to the concreteness of the FTAA, the maintenance of Mercosul and the creation of a free trade area EU/Mercosul. For each scenario we identify the probability of its occurrence and we evaluate the ensuring EU interests and consequences. Though the creation of the FTAA implies economic damage (prejudice) to the EU and means a loss of its economic and political importance in the region, this is the most probable scenario. Consequently the EU has a interest in the creation of a free trade area with Mercosul (though it would maximize their interests in a scenario where the FTAA would not exist). Finally we emphasize the costs associated with the slow pace in the negotiating process between the EU and Mercosul to establish a free trade area

Sucessão legítima do cônjugue e do companheiro no novo Código civil

Expõe as inovações introduzidas pelo Código civil de 2002 no trato da sucessão legítima. Discorre acerca da inserção do cônjuge como herdeiro necessário e tece considerações sobre o direito do companheiro, discutindo suas diferenças em relação aos direitos do cônjuge

A Prioridade Temporal da Ousía e a Noção de Separação no Livro Z da Metafísica de Aristóteles

This aims to discuss the separation of the substance presented by Aristotle in Book Z of Metaphysics. In Z 1 the substance is prior in three aspects, namely as to the definition, the knowledge and the time. Aristotle's justification that substance is first in time is because it is the only category that is separate. Based on contemporary interpreters, we will discuss the separation as ontological separation associated with the definitional separation

Zero-Hopf bifurcations in three-dimensional chaotic systems with one stable equilibrium

In (Molaie et al., Int J Bifurcat Chaos 23 (2013) 1350188) the authors provided the expressions of twenty three quadratic differential systems in R3 with the unusual feature of having chaotic dynamics coexisting with one stable equilibrium point. In this paper we consider twenty three classes of quadratic differential systems in R3 depending on a real parameter a which, for a = 1, coincide with the differential systems given by Molaie et al. We study the dynamics and bifurcations of these classes of differential systems by varying the parameter value a. We prove that, for a = 0 all the twenty three considered systems have a zero-Hopf equilibrium point located at the origin. For a > 0 small enough, three periodic orbits bifurcate from the origin: one of them unstable and the other two forming a pair of saddle type periodic orbits. Furthermore, we show numerically that the hidden chaotic attractors which exist for these systems when a = 1 (already described by Molaie et al.) are obtained by period-doubling route to chaos

A FLEBITE COMO UMA DAS PRINCIPAIS INTERCORRÊNCIAS NA TERAPIA INTRAVENOSA PERIFÉRICA EM ADULTO

Objective: To analyze the occurrence of phlebitis as one of the main complications of peripheral intravenous therapy in adults. Methodology: Articles from the SCIELO, LILACS and BDENF databases were used to carry out an integrative literature review. Results: The selection of 14 articles made it possible to identify the main incident factors of phlebitis. Conclusion: phlebitis can be considered one of the main complications of IVT due to factors such as the type of medication, the catheter gauge and the puncture and infusion time, among other less prevalent factors, according to the studies analyzed.Objetivo: Analisar a ocorrência da flebite como uma das principais complicações da terapia intravenosa periférica em adultos. Metodologia: Foram utilizados artigos dos bancos de dados SCIELO, LILACS e BDENF para a realização de uma revisão integrativa da literatura. Resultados: A seleção de 14 artigos possibilitou a identificação dos principais fatores incidentes de flebite. Conclusão: a flebite pode ser considerada uma das principais intercorrências da TIV em razão de fatores como o tipo de medicamento, o calibre do cateter e o tempo de punção e de infusão entre outros fatores menos preponderantes conforme os estudos analisados

The Emerging Role of Complement Lectin Pathway in Trypanosomatids: Molecular Bases in Activation, Genetic Deficiencies, Susceptibility to Infection, and Complement System-Based Therapeutics

The innate immune system is evolutionary and ancient and is the pivotal line of the host defense system to protect against invading pathogens and abnormal self-derived components. Cellular and molecular components are involved in recognition and effector mechanisms for a successful innate immune response. The complement lectin pathway (CLP) was discovered in 1990. These new components at the complement world are very efficient. Mannan-binding lectin (MBL) and ficolin not only recognize many molecular patterns of pathogens rapidly to activate complement but also display several strategies to evade innate immunity. Many studies have shown a relation between the deficit of complement factors and susceptibility to infection. The recently discovered CLP was shown to be important in host defense against protozoan microbes. Although the recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns by MBL and Ficolins reveal efficient complement activations, an increase in deficiency of complement factors and diversity of parasite strategies of immune evasion demonstrate the unsuccessful effort to control the infection. In the present paper, we will discuss basic aspects of complement activation, the structure of the lectin pathway components, genetic deficiency of complement factors, and new therapeutic opportunities to target the complement system to control infection