Optimal adaptation strategies to face shocks on groundwater resources

We consider an exogenous and reversible shock to a groundwater resource, namely a decrease in the recharge rate of the aquifer. We compare optimal extraction paths and the social costs of optimal adaptation in two cases: under certainty, i.e. when the date of occurrence of the shock is known, and under uncertainty, when the date of occurrence of the shock is a random variable. We show that an increase in uncertainty leads to a decrease in precautionary behavior in the short run and to an increase in precautionary behavior in the long run. We apply our model to the particular case of the Western la Mancha aquifer in Spain. We show that, in this context, it is advantageous for the water agency to acquire information on the date of the shock, especially for high-intensity and intermediate-risk events

Measurements and estimation of the columnar optical depth of tropospheric aerosols in the UV spectral region

International audienceWe report values of the columnar tropospheric aerosol optical depth at UV wavelengths based on experimental measurements of the direct spectral irradiances carried out by a commercial spectroradiometer (Li1800 of Licor company) covering the range from 300?1100 nm at two stations with different climate characteristics in Spain. The first station is located in a rural site in north central Spain with continental climate. The data extend from March to the end of October of 1995. The other station is a coastal site in the Gulf of Cádiz (southwest Spain) of maritime climate type. This study is mainly focused on the capability of estimating aerosol optical depth values in the UV region based on the extracted information in the visible and near infrared ranges. A first method has been used based on the Ångström turbidity parameters. However, since this method requires detailed spectral information, a second method has also been used, based on the correlation between wavelengths. A correlation has been established between the experimental aerosol optical depth values at 350 nm and 500 nm wavelengths. Although the type of aerosol seems to be the key factor that determines the quality of these estimations, the evaluation of the associated error is necessary to know the behaviour of these estimations in each area of study

Comparison of UV irradiances from Aura/Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) with Brewer measurements at El Arenosillo (Spain) – Part 2: Analysis of site aerosol influence

Several validation studies have shown a notable overestimation of the clear sky ultraviolet (UV) irradiance at the Earth's surface derived from satellite sensors such as the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) and the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) with respect to ground-based UV data at many locations. Most of this positive bias is attributed to boundary layer aerosol absorption that is not accounted for in the TOMS/OMI operational UV algorithm. Therefore, the main objective of this study is to analyse the aerosol effect on the bias between OMI erythemal UV irradiance (UVER) and spectral UV (305 nm, 310 nm and 324 nm) surface irradiances and ground-based Brewer spectroradiometer measurements from October 2004 to December 2008 at El Arenosillo station (37.1° N, 6.7° W, 20 m a.s.l.), with meteorological conditions representative of the South-West of Spain. <br><br> The effects of other factors as clouds, ozone and the solar elevation over this intercomparison were analysed in detail in a companion paper (Antón et al., 2010). In that paper the aerosol effects were studied making only a rough evaluation based on aerosol optical depth (AOD) information at 440 nm wavelength (visible range) without applying any correction. We have used the precise information given by single scattering albedo (SSA) from AERONET for the determination of absorbing aerosols which has allowed the correction of the OMI UV data. <br><br> An aerosol correction expression was applied to the OMI operational UV data using two approaches to estimate the UV absorption aerosol optical depth, AAOD. The first approach was based on an assumption of constant SSA value of 0.91. This approach reduces the OMI UVER bias against the reference Brewer data from 13.4% to 8.4%. Second approach uses daily AERONET SSA values reducing the bias only to 11.6%. Therefore we have obtained a 37% and 12% of improvement respectively. For the spectral irradiance at 324 nm, the OMI bias is reduced from 10.5% to 6.98% for constant SSA and to 9.03% for variable SSA. Similar results were obtained for spectral irradiances at 305 nm, and 310 nm. <br><br> Contrary to what was expected, the constant SSA approach has a greater bias reduction than variable SSA, but this is a reasonable result according to the discussion about the reliability of SSA values. Our results reflect the level of accuracy that may be reached at the present time in this type of comparison, which may be considered as satisfactory taking into account the remaining dependence on other factors. Nevertheless, improvements must be accomplished to determine reliable absorbing aerosol properties, which appear as a limiting factor for improving OMI retrievals

Impact of long-range transport over the Atlantic Ocean on Saharan dust optical and microphysical properties based on AERONET data

Arid regions are a major source of mineral dust aerosol. Transport from these sources can have a great impact on aerosol climatology in distant regions. In order to assess the impact of dust on climate we must understand how dust properties change after long distance transport from sources. This study addresses the changes in columnar aerosol properties when mineral dust outbreaks from western Africa arrive over the eastern Caribbean after transport across the Atlantic Ocean, a transit of 5–7 days. We use data from the NASA Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) located at five Caribbean and two western Africa sites to characterize changes in columnar aerosol properties: aerosol optical depth (AOD), size distribution, single scattering albedo, and refractive indexes. We first characterized the local aerosol climatology at each site and then using air mass back trajectories we identified those days when trajectories over Caribbean sites back-tracked to western Africa. Over the period 1996–2014 we identify 3174 days, an average of 167 days per year, when the air mass over the Caribbean sites could be linked to at least one of the two western Africa sites. For 1162 of these days, AOD data are available for the Caribbean sites as well as for the corresponding western Africa sites about 5–7 days earlier, when the air mass passed over these sites. We identified dust outbreaks as those air masses yielding AOD  ≥  0.2 and an Ångström exponent below 0.6. On this basis of the total 1162 days, 484 meet the criteria for mineral dust outbreaks. We observe that the AOD at 440 nm decreases by about 0.16 or 30 % during transport. The volume particle size distribution shows a similar decrease in the volume concentration, mainly in the coarse mode. The single scattering albedo, refractive indexes, and asymmetry factor remain unchanged. The difference in the effective radius over western Africa sites with respect to Caribbean sites ranges between 0 and −0.3 µm. Finally we conclude that in about half of the cases only non-spherical dust particles are present in the atmosphere over the western Africa and Caribbean sites, while in the other cases dust particles were mixed with other types of aerosol particles.</p

Retrieval of aerosol properties from zenith sky radiance measurements

This study explores the potential to retrieve aerosol properties with the GRASP algorithm (Generalized Retrieval of Atmosphere and Surface Properties) using as input measurements of zenith sky radiance (ZSR), which are sky radiance values measured in the zenith direction, recorded at four wavelengths by a ZEN-R52 radiometer. To this end, the ZSR measured at 440, 500, 675 and 870 nm by a ZEN-R52 (ZSRZEN), installed in Valladolid (Spain), is employed. This instrument is calibrated by intercomparing the signal of each channel with coincident ZSR values simulated (ZSRSIM) at the same wavelengths with a radiative transfer model (RTM). These simulations are carried out using the GRASP forward module as RTM and the aerosol information from a co-located CE318 photometer belonging to AERONET (AErosol RObotic NETwork) as input. The dark signal and the signal dependence on temperature are characterized and included in the calibration process. The uncertainties for each channel are quantified by an intercomparison with a co-located CE318 photometer, obtaining lower values for shorter wavelengths; they are between 3 % for 440 nm and 21 % for 870 nm. The proposed inversion strategy for the aerosol retrieval using the ZSRZEN measurements as input, i.e. so-called GRASP-ZEN, assumes the aerosol as an external mixture of five pre-calculated aerosol types. A sensitivity analysis is conducted using synthetic ZSRZEN measurements, pointing out that these measurements are sensitive to aerosol load and type. It also assesses that the retrieved aerosol optical depth (AOD) values in general overestimate the reference ones by 0.03, 0.02, 0.02 and 0.01 for 440, 500, 675 and 870 nm, respectively. The calibrated ZSRZEN measurements, recorded during 2.5 years at Valladolid, are inverted by the GRASP-ZEN strategy to retrieve some aerosol properties like AOD. The retrieved AOD shows a high correlation with respect to independent values obtained from a co-located AERONET CE318 photometer, with determination coefficients (r2) of 0.86, 0.85, 0.79 and 0.72 for 440, 500, 675 and 870 nm, respectively, and finding uncertainties between 0.02 and 0.03 with respect to the AERONET values. Finally, the retrieval of other aerosol properties, like aerosol volume concentration for total, fine and coarse modes (VCT, VCF and VCC, respectively), is also explored. The comparison against independent values from AERONET presents r2 values of 0.57, 0.56 and 0.66 and uncertainties of 0.009, 0.016 and 0.02 µm3 µm−2 for VCT, VCF and VCC, respectively.</p

Gestion d’une ressource en eau souterraine sujette aux sécheresses : analyse des stratégies d’adaptation

The management of a groundwater resource used for irrigation is a phenomenon that depends on several factors and concerning various actors (users and manager). Moreover, the resource can be subject to droughts. In this case, the management of the resource becomes a more complex problem. Adaptation to droughts is important because they can have significant impacts on agricultural activity and on the water table of the resource. This adaptation hinges crucially on the information available to the manager and the resource users. In chapters 2 and 3, we analyze the impact of an hydrological drought on the optimal management of the resource, before and after its arrival. In particular, in chapter 2, we show how the manager can adapt as good as possible to this drought according to the nature of information he has. In chapter 3, we show that taking into account strategic and dynamic interactions between the users of the ressource leads to less efficient resource use. We apply models of chapters 2 and 3 to the aquifer Western La Mancha, in Spain. In chapter 4, we study the impact of an agronomic drought on the optimal management of a farm in the area of Central Beauce, in France. We take into account hydrological, agronomic and economic informations. In particular, we analyze the impact of a dry period on the annual benefits of the farm and on the groundwater resource level. Furthermore, we study optimal strategic behavior of farmers in a dry year, whether they are subject to water restrictions or not.We show that a regulation policy is necessary to avoid the overexploitation of the ressource in a dry year.La gestion d’une ressource en eau souterraine utilisée pour l’irrigation est un phénomène dépendant de plusieurs facteurs et concernant différents acteurs (utilisateurs et gestionnaire). En cas d’aléa climatique comme la sécheresse, gérer une ressource devient un problème plus complexe. Il est justement important de mieux comprendre et d’anticiper les sécheresses car ils peuvent avoir des impacts significatifs sur l’activité économique agricole et sur les niveaux de la ressource. Pour cela, le type d’information dont disposent les utilisateurs et/ou les gestionnaire est essentiel. Dans les chapitres 2 et 3, nous analysons l’impact d’une sécheresse « hydrologique » sur la gestion optimale de la ressource, avant et après son arrivée. Dans le chapitre 2, nous montrons comment le gestionnaire de la ressource peut s’adapter le mieux possible à cette sécheresse selon l’information dont il dispose. Dans le chapitre 3, nous montrons que la prise en compte des interactions stratégiques et dynamiques entre les utilisateurs de la ressource entraîne une exploitation moins efficace de la ressource. Nous appliquons les modèles des chapitres 2 et 3 à l’aquifère La Mancha Occidentale au Sud de l’Espagne. Dans le chapitre 4, nous analysons l’impact d’une sécheresse « agronomique » sur la gestion optimale d’une exploitation agricole située dans la zone de la Beauce centrale, en France. Nous prenons en compte des informations de caractère hydrologique, agronomique et économique. En particulier, nous étudions l’impact d’une année sèche sur la valeur ajoutée de l’exploitation et sur la ressource en eau utilisée. De plus, nous nous intéressons au comportement stratégique que les agriculteurs peuvent avoir en année sèche, que ce soit sans ou avec restrictions des usages de l’eau. Nous montrons qu’une politique de régulation est nécessaire pour éviter la surexploitation de la nappe en année sèche

Partage d'une ressource en eau souterraine dans le contexte de régime shifts

National audienceWe study the occurrence of shocks in a common groundwater resource problem using a differential game. In particular, we use Rubio and Casino's adaptation of the Gisser and Sánchez model where we introduce a sudden change in the dynamics of the resource, namely a decrease in the recharge rate of the aquifer. We compare the pareto optimal solution with open-loop and feedback equilibria. First, we show analytically how diffrent solutions, at the steady state, depend on the intensity of the shock. Moreover, we show that the cost and the strategic effects are decreasing functions of the intensity of the shock, i.e. that all the solutions get closer at the steady state for more intense shocks. We finally apply the game to the particular case of the Western La Mancha aquifer. The aim of this application is to estimate how shocks influence the ineffciency of open loop and feedback strategies in terms of welfare. We show that this inefficiency decreases the earlier the shock occurs or the higher the intensity of the shock