Unidades não hospitalares de atendimento a urgencia e emergencia da região metropolitana de Campinas : aspectos organizacionais e conhecimento teorico dos enfermeiros sobre parada cardiorrespiratoria e ressuscitação cardiopulmonar

Orientador: Izilda Esmenia Muglia AraujoDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciencias MedicasResumo: A partir de 2002, o Ministério da Saúde estabeleceu a Política Nacional de Atendimento às Urgências e Emergências devido ao aumento da demanda, da violência e do número de acidentes, além da insuficiência de serviços, superlotação dos pronto-socorros e queda da qualidade na assistência. A rede assistencial foi então modificada, surgindo as Unidades não-hospitalares de Atendimento a Urgência e Emergência (UNHAU/E), com a finalidade de atender pacientes com quadros agudos ou crônicos agudizados e ordenar os fluxos de urgência. Os objetivos deste estudo foram analisar a organização das UNHAU/E em relação à estrutura física, recursos materiais e humanos e o conhecimento teórico dos enfermeiros sobre parada cardiorrespiratória (PCR) e ressuscitação cardiopulmonar (RCP), dessas unidades. Estudo descritivo e exploratório utilizando um questionário pré-elaborado e validado por juízes que foi aplicado a 73 enfermeiros das UNHAU/E da Região Metropolitana de Campinas (RMC), compreendendo sete municípios e 16 UNHAU/E. Três enfermeiros de cada UNHAU/E, de diferentes turnos, foram aleatoriamente selecionados e entrevistados sobre o dimensionamento de recursos humanos e materiais e a organização assistencial da Unidade. O questionário sobre conhecimento teórico de PCR/RCP foi aplicado a todos os enfermeiros. Em relação à área física constatou-se que além da falta das divisões em blocos, muitas foram improvisadas com adaptações para se tornarem UNHAU/E. Quanto aos recursos materiais observou-se a ausência daqueles preconizados para uso em urgência e emergência (respirador adulto e infantil, bomba de infusão, material para cricotiroidostomia, caixa de pequena cirurgia, gerador de energia elétrica). Constatouse a ausência do profissional enfermeiro no período noturno. Os municípios que possuem maiores déficits em estrutura organizacional das UNHAU/E foram os municípios D, E e F. Resumidamente, destacam-se: mais de 60% dos respondentes não sabem detectar corretamente a PCR; cerca de 70% não sabem as condutas imediatas após a sua detecção; mais de 80% não sabem quais são os padrões de ritmos presente na PCR; acima de 60% não sabem a seqüência do suporte básico de vida (SBV); apenas 20% sabem a postura corporal correta para a realização da compressão torácica externa (CTE); mais de 60% não sabem a relação ventilação/compressão; acima de 70% sabem posicionar as pás dodesfibrilador, porém quase 70% desconhecem o valor da carga elétrica a ser utilizada; menos de 10% sabem em que consiste o SAV; menos de 7% sabem quais as vias possíveis para administração de fármacos; 100% sabem parcialmente quais os fármacos utilizados na RCP e 50% conhecem parcialmente para que servem e, apenas 20% sabem o que deve conter o registro do atendimento da PCR. Os enfermeiros do município C foram os que apresentaram pior desempenho na nota final. Conclui-se que as UNHAU/E apresentam grandes déficits em relação à área física, recursos materiais e humanos. Em relação aos conceitos teóricos em PCR/RCP os enfermeiros das UNHAU/E da RMC obtiveram uma nota média de 5,18 (±1,42), indicando uma deficência de conhecimentos em relação ao exigido para profissionais que atendem um quadro tão complexo, apesar das inúmeras diretrizes sobre o assunto disponíveis na literaturaAbstract: Since 2002 the Ministry of Health established the National Policy on care for Urgencies and Emergencies due to increased demand and high rates of urban violence and accidents. The services were insufficient, with subsequent overcrowding of emergency rooms and a low quality of care. The system was then modified and stemmed the Non-Hospital Emergency Care Units (N-HECU) aiming to dealing with patients in chronic or acute situations and to coordinate the flow of medical urgencies. The study's main objectives were: to analyze the organization of N-HECU in relation to the physical structure, material and human resources and to examine the theoretical knowledge of their nurses on cardiac arrest and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). A descriptive and exploratory survey was done by applying a questionnaire pre-endorsed by judges to 73 nurses from N-HECU of the Metropolitan Region of Campinas (MRC) comprising seven cities and 16 N-HECU. Three nurses from each N-HECU and from different shifts, randomly selected, were inquired about the material and human resources, and organization of the Unit. The questionnaire with theoretical knowlegde about cardiac arrest and CPR was applied to all nurses. The results regarding the physical area have shown that besides the lack of rooms in blocks, many were improvised with adjustments to become N-HECU. In relation to material resources it was found a lack of those routinely needed for use in emergency situations (adult and child respirator, infusion pump, material for traqueal intubation, small surgery box, electrical generators). There is a lack of registered nurses in the night shift. It was found that cities with the greatest deficits in organizational structure of N-HECU were cities D, E and F. Briefly stands out: over 60% of respondents don't know how to properly detect a cardiac arrest; almost 70% don't know the procedues after its immediate detection; above 80% don't know what are the rhythms' patterns of cardiac arrest; above 60% don't know the BLS sequence; only 20% know the correct body position to carry out the chest compressions; above 60% don't know the compression-ventilation ratio; above 70% know the position of the defibrillator paddles, but almost 70% don't know the value of electric charge to be used; less than 10% know what is the ACLS; less than 7% know what are the possible ways for drug administration; 100% know partly which drugs are used in CPR and 50% know partly what are their finality; and only 20% know what there must contain the record of CPR attendance. The nurses of the city C were those who had the worst performance in the final grade. It was concluded that N-HECU have large deficits in relation to physical area material and human resources. Regarding theoretical concepts on cardiac arrest and CPR it was found that N-HECU nurses obtained an average grade of 5,18 (± 1,42), indicating a knowledge level lesser than that required for an adequate management of this complex situation, despite the great number of guidelines available in the literatureMestradoEnfermagem e TrabalhoMestre em Enfermage

Prevalence, associated factors and outcomes of pressure injuries in adult intensive care unit patients: the DecubICUs study

Funder: European Society of Intensive Care Medicine; doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100013347Funder: Flemish Society for Critical Care NursesAbstract: Purpose: Intensive care unit (ICU) patients are particularly susceptible to developing pressure injuries. Epidemiologic data is however unavailable. We aimed to provide an international picture of the extent of pressure injuries and factors associated with ICU-acquired pressure injuries in adult ICU patients. Methods: International 1-day point-prevalence study; follow-up for outcome assessment until hospital discharge (maximum 12 weeks). Factors associated with ICU-acquired pressure injury and hospital mortality were assessed by generalised linear mixed-effects regression analysis. Results: Data from 13,254 patients in 1117 ICUs (90 countries) revealed 6747 pressure injuries; 3997 (59.2%) were ICU-acquired. Overall prevalence was 26.6% (95% confidence interval [CI] 25.9–27.3). ICU-acquired prevalence was 16.2% (95% CI 15.6–16.8). Sacrum (37%) and heels (19.5%) were most affected. Factors independently associated with ICU-acquired pressure injuries were older age, male sex, being underweight, emergency surgery, higher Simplified Acute Physiology Score II, Braden score 3 days, comorbidities (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, immunodeficiency), organ support (renal replacement, mechanical ventilation on ICU admission), and being in a low or lower-middle income-economy. Gradually increasing associations with mortality were identified for increasing severity of pressure injury: stage I (odds ratio [OR] 1.5; 95% CI 1.2–1.8), stage II (OR 1.6; 95% CI 1.4–1.9), and stage III or worse (OR 2.8; 95% CI 2.3–3.3). Conclusion: Pressure injuries are common in adult ICU patients. ICU-acquired pressure injuries are associated with mainly intrinsic factors and mortality. Optimal care standards, increased awareness, appropriate resource allocation, and further research into optimal prevention are pivotal to tackle this important patient safety threat

Correction to: Prevalence, associated factors and outcomes of pressure injuries in adult intensive care unit patients: the DecubICUs study

The original version of this article unfortunately contained a mistake

Prevalence, associated factors and outcomes of pressure injuries in adult intensive care unit patients: the DecubICUs study

Funder: European Society of Intensive Care Medicine; doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100013347Funder: Flemish Society for Critical Care NursesAbstract: Purpose: Intensive care unit (ICU) patients are particularly susceptible to developing pressure injuries. Epidemiologic data is however unavailable. We aimed to provide an international picture of the extent of pressure injuries and factors associated with ICU-acquired pressure injuries in adult ICU patients. Methods: International 1-day point-prevalence study; follow-up for outcome assessment until hospital discharge (maximum 12 weeks). Factors associated with ICU-acquired pressure injury and hospital mortality were assessed by generalised linear mixed-effects regression analysis. Results: Data from 13,254 patients in 1117 ICUs (90 countries) revealed 6747 pressure injuries; 3997 (59.2%) were ICU-acquired. Overall prevalence was 26.6% (95% confidence interval [CI] 25.9–27.3). ICU-acquired prevalence was 16.2% (95% CI 15.6–16.8). Sacrum (37%) and heels (19.5%) were most affected. Factors independently associated with ICU-acquired pressure injuries were older age, male sex, being underweight, emergency surgery, higher Simplified Acute Physiology Score II, Braden score 3 days, comorbidities (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, immunodeficiency), organ support (renal replacement, mechanical ventilation on ICU admission), and being in a low or lower-middle income-economy. Gradually increasing associations with mortality were identified for increasing severity of pressure injury: stage I (odds ratio [OR] 1.5; 95% CI 1.2–1.8), stage II (OR 1.6; 95% CI 1.4–1.9), and stage III or worse (OR 2.8; 95% CI 2.3–3.3). Conclusion: Pressure injuries are common in adult ICU patients. ICU-acquired pressure injuries are associated with mainly intrinsic factors and mortality. Optimal care standards, increased awareness, appropriate resource allocation, and further research into optimal prevention are pivotal to tackle this important patient safety threat

Prevalence, associated factors and outcomes of pressure injuries in adult intensive care unit patients: the DecubICUs study

Funder: European Society of Intensive Care Medicine; doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100013347Funder: Flemish Society for Critical Care NursesAbstract: Purpose: Intensive care unit (ICU) patients are particularly susceptible to developing pressure injuries. Epidemiologic data is however unavailable. We aimed to provide an international picture of the extent of pressure injuries and factors associated with ICU-acquired pressure injuries in adult ICU patients. Methods: International 1-day point-prevalence study; follow-up for outcome assessment until hospital discharge (maximum 12 weeks). Factors associated with ICU-acquired pressure injury and hospital mortality were assessed by generalised linear mixed-effects regression analysis. Results: Data from 13,254 patients in 1117 ICUs (90 countries) revealed 6747 pressure injuries; 3997 (59.2%) were ICU-acquired. Overall prevalence was 26.6% (95% confidence interval [CI] 25.9–27.3). ICU-acquired prevalence was 16.2% (95% CI 15.6–16.8). Sacrum (37%) and heels (19.5%) were most affected. Factors independently associated with ICU-acquired pressure injuries were older age, male sex, being underweight, emergency surgery, higher Simplified Acute Physiology Score II, Braden score 3 days, comorbidities (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, immunodeficiency), organ support (renal replacement, mechanical ventilation on ICU admission), and being in a low or lower-middle income-economy. Gradually increasing associations with mortality were identified for increasing severity of pressure injury: stage I (odds ratio [OR] 1.5; 95% CI 1.2–1.8), stage II (OR 1.6; 95% CI 1.4–1.9), and stage III or worse (OR 2.8; 95% CI 2.3–3.3). Conclusion: Pressure injuries are common in adult ICU patients. ICU-acquired pressure injuries are associated with mainly intrinsic factors and mortality. Optimal care standards, increased awareness, appropriate resource allocation, and further research into optimal prevention are pivotal to tackle this important patient safety threat

Prevalence, associated factors and outcomes of pressure injuries in adult intensive care unit patients: the DecubICUs study

Funder: European Society of Intensive Care Medicine; doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100013347Funder: Flemish Society for Critical Care NursesAbstract: Purpose: Intensive care unit (ICU) patients are particularly susceptible to developing pressure injuries. Epidemiologic data is however unavailable. We aimed to provide an international picture of the extent of pressure injuries and factors associated with ICU-acquired pressure injuries in adult ICU patients. Methods: International 1-day point-prevalence study; follow-up for outcome assessment until hospital discharge (maximum 12 weeks). Factors associated with ICU-acquired pressure injury and hospital mortality were assessed by generalised linear mixed-effects regression analysis. Results: Data from 13,254 patients in 1117 ICUs (90 countries) revealed 6747 pressure injuries; 3997 (59.2%) were ICU-acquired. Overall prevalence was 26.6% (95% confidence interval [CI] 25.9–27.3). ICU-acquired prevalence was 16.2% (95% CI 15.6–16.8). Sacrum (37%) and heels (19.5%) were most affected. Factors independently associated with ICU-acquired pressure injuries were older age, male sex, being underweight, emergency surgery, higher Simplified Acute Physiology Score II, Braden score 3 days, comorbidities (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, immunodeficiency), organ support (renal replacement, mechanical ventilation on ICU admission), and being in a low or lower-middle income-economy. Gradually increasing associations with mortality were identified for increasing severity of pressure injury: stage I (odds ratio [OR] 1.5; 95% CI 1.2–1.8), stage II (OR 1.6; 95% CI 1.4–1.9), and stage III or worse (OR 2.8; 95% CI 2.3–3.3). Conclusion: Pressure injuries are common in adult ICU patients. ICU-acquired pressure injuries are associated with mainly intrinsic factors and mortality. Optimal care standards, increased awareness, appropriate resource allocation, and further research into optimal prevention are pivotal to tackle this important patient safety threat

Correction to: Prevalence, associated factors and outcomes of pressure injuries in adult intensive care unit patients: the DecubICUs study (Intensive Care Medicine, (2021), 47, 2, (160-169), 10.1007/s00134-020-06234-9)

The original version of this article unfortunately contained a mistake. The members of the ESICM Trials Group Collaborators were not shown in the article but only in the ESM. The full list of collaborators is shown below. The original article has been corrected