Oil Spill Modeling in Sea Ice Covered Ocean

The ongoing reduction in extent and thickness of sea ice in the Arctic allows the expansion of shipping activity and oil exploration in the high north, and with that a potential increased risk of oil spill in ice covered areas. This thesis asses the response of two oil-in-ice surface drift models implemented in an open-source Lagrangian framework and forced by four dif- ferent ice-ocean products (RIOPS, TOPAZ4 real-time forecast system, TOPAZ4 reanalysis and SVIM). Both approaches were evaluated over three sets of simulations: (I) a field experiment conducted in the Barents Sea marginal ice zone in 2009; (II) observed trajectories of buoys in the ice pack and in the Barents Sea marginal ice zone; and (III) stochastic simulations (960 runs, from 1998 to 2017) to reproduce a hypothetical oil spill in the Kara Sea. Results from experiments (I) and (II) indicate that the two drift models provide similar response both in the ice pack and the marginal ice zone under the same forcing. It was also found that finer horizontal resolution ice-ocean products (RIOPS and SVIM) did not reproduce better the ob- served drifts. The experiment (III) revealed that the sea ice concentration (%) field dictates the spread, the predominant direction of trajectories and the distance (km) traveled by the cloud of particles (SVIM: -1.41 km/% and TOPAZ4 reanalysis: -1.24 km/%).Master's Thesis in Meteorology and OceanographyGEOF399MAMN-GEO

As relações entre o direito interno e o direito internacional: a eficácia e a aplicabilidade das normas internacionais nas perspectivas de Hart, Triepel e Kelsen

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo analisar as relações entre o direito internacional e o direito interno, bem como discorrer acerca da juridicidade das normas internacionais. Para tanto, antes de se adentrar na discussão propriamente dita, há a delimitação dos conceitos principais a serem abordados durante o desenvolvimento do estudo, onde se propõe uma noção de direito, com objetivo de se evitar que as conclusões alcançadas sejam baseadas em definições vagas ou imprecisas. Em seguida, passa-se ao estudo das principais teorias acerca da problemática proposta, investigando se o direito interno e o direito internacional formam um único ordenamento jurídico ou se há uma dualidade de sistemas. Nessa parte, dá-se destaque às teorias de Hart, Triepel e Kelsen, assim como as perspectivas modernas. Finalmente, evitando-se que a discussão proposta tome rumos meramente teóricos, a aplicabilidade das teorias estudas é colocada à prova, em um cotejo de seus pressupostos com a jurisprudência das cortes internacionais e nacionais, bem como da política no âmbito das relações internacionais.http://repositorio.uniceub.br/retrieve/22743/21175054.pd

Adaptações da marcha de idosos em superfícies inclinadas durante tarefas cognitivas

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Educação Física, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação Física, 2019.Diversos estudos têm explorado a marcha em diferentes situações, abrangendo métodos que variam tanto a inclinação onde ela é realizada, seja em esteira ou em superfícies naturais, quanto a sua velocidade, que pode ser auto selecionada (confortável para o sujeito) ou pré-determinada pelo pesquisador. A análise cinemática e a análise eletromiográfica aplicadas à marcha se mostram como ferramentas interessantes no estudo desse movimento nas mais diversas condições. Em geral, o público idoso apresenta um padrão de marcha mais conservador, no qual se busca um caminhar mais estável principalmente em superfícies inclinadas. Outra condição em que a marcha tem sido bastante explorada é sob dupla tarefa (cognitiva e motora), visando entender os mecanismos atencionais e fisiológicos diante dessas demandas. Logo, o presente estudo tem como objetivo geral verificar a interferência no padrão locomotor de idosos caminhando sobre esteira frente a diferentes inclinações de superfície (rampa para baixo, plano e rampa para cima) e condições de tarefa motora simples (não cognitiva – NOG) e dupla tarefa (cognitivo-motora – COG) por meio de uma reconstrução tridimensional do movimento dos pés, complementada por uma análise eletromiográfica do músculo sóleo de ambas as pernas dos participantes. Para investigar os efeitos da tarefa e das inclinações sobre a marcha, 13 idosos (72 anos ± 5 anos) saudáveis caminharam a uma velocidade 30% acima da velocidade auto selecionada em rampa para cima (+10%), rampa para baixo (-10%) e no plano (0%), com aplicação de tarefa motora simples e dupla tarefa cognitivo-motora. As variáveis biomecânicas analisadas foram os parâmetros espaço-temporais 1 - duração da fase de apoio; 2 – duração da fase de balanço; 3 – duração da fase de duplo apoio; 4 – comprimento do passo; e 5 - comprimento da passada. As variáveis eletrofisiológicas compreenderam a amplitude do pico no sinal eletromiográfico (EMG) retificado médio do sóleo e o momento da ocorrência do pico no EMG em relação ao percentual do ciclo completo. O presente estudo apresentou maior influência da inclinação da superfície sobre o padrão locomotor, em especial, a rampa para baixo, comparada à aplicação da tarefa cognitiva. Observaram-se diferenças entre as inclinações na variável duração da fase de apoio para o lado esquerdo (p=0,002) e para o lado direito (p=0,003). Diferenças foram encontradas entre as rampas na duração do duplo apoio (p=0,004) e (p=0,001) com o pé esquerdo à frente e com o pé direito à frente, respectivamente. Quanto à ocorrência do pico no EMG, a rampa para baixo foi diferente das demais em ambos os lados (p<0,001). Os achados corroboram, assim, com alguns achados de estudos anteriores, que revelaram que caminhar para baixo modifica o padrão de locomoção, sendo essa modificação manifestada através da alteração de variáveis biomecânicas e eletrofisiológicas. Porém, o comportamento de variáveis como o comprimento do passo e o comprimento da passada, que não se alterou entre as diferentes rampas, não corroborou com grande parte dos estudos citados. Tendo a interferência da tarefa cognitiva se manifestado apenas em algumas situações, para variáveis biomecânicas e eletrofisiológicas específicas, é necessário que mais estudos, com amostras maiores e mais heterogêneas sejam realizados.Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq); Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) e Fundação de Apoio à Pesquisa do Distrito Federal (FAP/DF).Several studies have explored gait in different situations, covering methods that vary both the inclination where it is performed, whether on a treadmill or on natural surfaces, as well as its speed, which can be self-selected (comfortable for the subject) or predetermined by the researcher. The kinematic analysis and the electromyographic analysis applied to gait are interesting tools in the study of this movement in the most diverse conditions. In general, elderly public presents a more conservative gait pattern, in which a more stable walk is sought, especially on inclined surfaces. Another condition in which gait has been extensively explored is under dual task (cognitive and motor), aiming to understand the attentional and physiological mechanisms facing these demands. Therefore, the present study aims to verify the interference in the locomotor pattern of elderly people walking on a treadmill due to different slopes (downward, horizontal and upward) and single (non- cognitive - NOG) motor task and dual task (cognitive-motor - COG) conditions through a three- dimensional reconstruction of the feet movement, complemented by an electromyographic analysis of the soleus muscle of both participants' legs. To investigate the effects of task and inclination on gait, 13 healthy elderly (72 years ± 5 years) walked at a speed 30% above the self-selected speed over ramp up (+ 10%), down ramp (-10 %) and in the plane (0%), with application of simple motor task and dual task cognitive-motor. The biomechanical variables analyzed were spatiotemporal parameters 1 - support phase duration; 2 - swing phase duration; 3 - double support phase duration; 4 - step length; and 5 - stride length. The electrophysiological variables included the peak amplitude in the mean rectified electromyographic signal (EMG) of the soleus and the moment of the occurrence of the peak in the EMG in relation to the percentage of the complete cycle. The present study showed a greater influence of the surface inclination on the locomotor pattern, especially the downward ramp, compared to the application of the cognitive task. Differences were observed between inclinations in the variable duration of the support phase to the left side (p=0.002) and to the right side (p=0.003). Differences were found between the ramps in the duration of the double support (p=0.004) and (p=0.001) with the left foot ahead and the right foot ahead, respectively. As for the occurrence of the EMG peak, the downward slope was different from the others on both sides (p<0.001). Thus, the findings corroborate with previous studies, which revealed that walking downwards modifies the locomotion pattern, and this change is manifested through the alteration of biomechanical and electrophysiological variables. However, the behavior of variables such as step length and stride length, which did not change between different ramps, did not corroborate most of the studies cited. Having the interference of cognitive task manifested only in some situations, for specific biomechanical and electrophysiological variables, it is necessary that further studies with larger and more heterogeneous samples be performed

Mortars with incorporation of phase change materials for thermal rehabilitation

The thermal rehabilitation is an opportunity to reach higher levels of energetic performance, reducing the high energetic dependence of the countries. Rehabilitation operations based in the utilization of materials with the capability to store and release energy contribute to obtain more energy efficient buildings. Combining the use of smart materials with temperature control capability and renewable energy sources, it is possible to increase the thermal comfort inside the buildings. The main purpose of this study was the physical, mechanical, and thermal characterization of mortars based in specific binders for rehabilitation with incorporation of phase change materials (PCM). Mortars without and with incorporation of PCM were studied. It was observed that the incorporation of PCM in mortars caused differences in the physical and mechanical properties and improved their thermal behavior, reducing the extreme temperatures and decreasing the heating and cooling needs.Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Assessing ocean ensemble drift predictions by comparison with observed oil slicks

Geophysical models are cornerstone pieces in marine forecasting of floating objects and pollution, such as marine surface oil slicks. Trajectory forecasts of oil spills inherit the uncertainties from the underlying geophysical forcing. In this work we compare the forecast capabilities of an ocean ensemble prediction system (EPS) to those from a higher resolution deterministic model on the representation of oil slick drift. As reference, we use produced water (PW) slicks detected and delineated from 41 C–band Sentinel-1A/B satellite synthetic aperture radar images between April and December, 2021. We found that the EPS provided at least equivalent member-wise results relative to simulations forced with the deterministic model. Ensemble verification through rank histograms and spread-error relationship showed that including the ocean fields is necessary to address model uncertainties. Whether considering the ocean field or not, the modeled slicks were counterclockwise rotated between 20° and 30° relative to the ones observed in the satellite images, and these were deflected about 45° to the right of the observed wind direction

ARQUITETURA PAULISTA: HABITAT CONTEMPORÂNEO

 Observamos nos últimos anos pouca evolução no redesenho do espaço da habitação nos edifícios residenciais construídos pelo mercado imobiliário. Ainda que mudanças tenham ocorrido nos modos de vida, a concepção deste tipo de habitação ainda pauta-se na combinação do apartamento burguês compartimentado e no modelo “tipo”, difundido durante o Movimento Moderno. Nesse sentido, o presente trabalho busca por projetos que possam trazer uma discussão renovada com relação ao espaço da habitação multifamiliar contemporânea. Ressaltamos que os projetos aqui abordados constituem parte da pesquisa denominada: “Levantamento e Análise de Tipologias Contemporâneas de Habitação” realizada junto ao curso de Arquitetura e Urbanismo da Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” – Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia – Campus Presidente Prudente, São Paulo. Desta forma, na mirada que fazemos aqui, buscamos compreender nos projetos destacados as transformações que vêm acontecendo em São Paulo. Palavras-chave:  projetos; habitação multifamiliar; modos de vida.   Abstract Observed in recent years little progress in redesigning the space of housing in residential buildings constructed by the housing market. Although changes have occurred in lifestyles, the design of this type of housing stay still on the combination of bourgeois apartment compartmentalized model and "type", broadcast during the Modern Movement. In this sense, the present work for projects that may bring a renewed discussion regarding the contemporary space of multifamily housing. We emphasize that the projects discussed here are part of the research entitled: "Survey and Analysis of Contemporary Housing Typologies" performed along the course of Architecture and Urbanism of the Universidade Estadual Paulista "Julio de Mesquita Filho" - Faculty of Science and Technology - Campus Presidente Prudente, São Paulo. Thus, the look that we do here, we seek to understand the projects highlighted the changes that are happening in São Paulo. Keywords: projects, multifamily housing, lifestyles

Mortars based in different binders with incorporation of phase-change materials: Physical and mechanical properties

In a society with a high growth rate and increased standards of comfort arises the need to minimise the currently high-energy consumption by taking advantage of renewable energy sources. The mortars with incorporation of phase-change materials (PCM) have the ability to regulate the temperature inside buildings, contributing to the thermal comfort and reduction in the use of heating and cooling equipment, using only the energy supplied by the sun. However, the incorporation of phase-change materials in mortars modifies its characteristics. The main purpose of this study was the production and characterisation in the fresh and hardened state of mortars with incorporation of different contents of PCM in mortars based in different binders. The binders studied were aerial lime, hydraulic lime, gypsum and cement. For each type of binder, different mortars were developed with different content of PCM. The proportion of PCM studied was 0, 20, 40 and 60% of the mass of the sand. It was possible to observe that the incorporation of PCM in mortars caused differences in properties such as workability, microstructure, compressive strength, flexural strength and adhesion.Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT), followed by the grant number [SFRH/BD/95611/2013

Impacts of offshore oil spill accidents on island bird communities: A test run study around Orkney and Svalbard archipelagos

The sea area around the Orkney archipelago, Scotland is subjected to substantial maritime shipping activities. By contract, the Svalbard archipelago, Norway currently has a rather low marine traffic profile. Future projections, however, indicate that the Trans-Arctic route might change the whole transportation picture and Svalbard may be at the centre of maritime activities. Both archipelagos have sensitive environmental resources at sea and inland, including bird communities. There are, for instance, 13 Red Listed species present in Orkney and 2 in Svalbard. In this regard, it is important to address oil spill risks along existing and projected shipping routes. Hypothetical spills were simulated in twelve scenarios for both the Orkney and Svalbard archipelagos with the OpenDrift open-source software. The results indicate risks to seabird communities. For Orkney, the spills resulted in the most extensive contamination of the sea and land environments in autumn. For Svalbard, autumn spills on the contrary presented the lowest risk to seabirds. Based on the simulations, we recommend increased caution for shipping activities in the problematic seasons, improved local readiness for ship accidents and sufficient preincident planning