Salts of the anti-HIV drug lamivudine with phthalic and salicylic acids

Salts of the anti-HIV drug lamivudine, with phthalic acid and salicylic acid as counterions, were investigated in this study. Neither the packing of the (lamivudine)(+)(phthalic acid)(-) ion pairs nor the conformation of the lamivudine moiety itself were similar to those found in other multicomponent molecular salts of the drug, such as hydrogen maleate and saccharinate ones, even though all three salts crystallize in the same P2(1)2(1)2(1) orthorhombic space group with similar unit cell metrics. Lamivudine salicylate assumes a different crystal structure to those of the hydrogen maleate and saccharinate salts, crystallizing in the P2(1) monoclinic space group as a monohydrate whose (lamivudine)(+)(salicylic acid)(-) ion pair is assembled through two hydrogen bonds with cytosine as a dual donor to both oxygens of the carboxylate, such as in the pairing of lamivudine with a phthalic acid counterion. In lamivudine salicylate monohydrate, the drug conformation is related to the hydrogen maleate and saccharinate salts. However, such a conformational similarity is not related to the intermolecular interaction patterns. Lamivudine and water molecules alternate into helical chains in the salicylate salt monohydrate.Brazilian Research Council CNPq (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico)Brazilian Research Council CNPq (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico) [472623/2011-7 - Universal 14/2011

Investigation of enantioespecific synthons in the formation of multicomponent systems using the drug lamivudine: acid-base pairing versus duplex formation

Submitted by Luciana Ferreira ([email protected]) on 2017-12-18T12:04:06Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Cameron Capeletti da Silva - 2017.pdf: 3293032 bytes, checksum: 714ecd70f3ac6d81018c08280d885007 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5)Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira ([email protected]) on 2017-12-18T12:04:37Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Cameron Capeletti da Silva - 2017.pdf: 3293032 bytes, checksum: 714ecd70f3ac6d81018c08280d885007 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5)Made available in DSpace on 2017-12-18T12:04:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Cameron Capeletti da Silva - 2017.pdf: 3293032 bytes, checksum: 714ecd70f3ac6d81018c08280d885007 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-12-13Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Goiás - FAPEGA branch of lamivudine crystal engineering deals with its protonable pyrimidine-based nitrogen being a recipe of crystallization with acids. In this context and in relation to the drug lamivudine, ten new crystalline phases were prepared and their crystal structures were elucidated by single crystal X-ray diffraction. In addition, two of them were also characterized by infrared spectroscopy (IR) and other three were characterized by TG and DSC thermal analysis. Thus, this study shows an interesting example of chiral recognition even without chiral resolution. Lamivudine (R)-mandelate and (S)-mandelic acid cocrystal of lamivudine (R)-mandelate trihydrate showed the enantiopreference between lamivudine cation and the (R)-mandelandelate anion in both salt and cocrystal of salt phases through the robust synthon 2-aminopyridine-carboxylate. The present study shows how two solid forms of lamivudine with mandelic acid were used as a model to distinguish between the nature of a salt or cocrystal of salt. This happened because specific information obtained from IR spectra allowed the identification of ionized and neutral forms of mandelic acid directly in the spectrum of the cocrystal of salt. Furthermore, the formation of crystalline forms of lamivudine resembling a DNA structure was investigated due to its great structural value. After crystallization experiments three crystalline structures of lamivudine that mimics DNA structure were obtained and named as lamivudine duplex IV, V and VI, respectively. In the duplex IV of lamivudine the counterions are responsible for opening the two strands due to their hydrogen bonding pattern. The theoretical approach has shown that there is not an energetic tendency regarding the formation of lamivudine duplex with aliphatic organic acids or lamivudinium salts with aromatic acid. Thus, the preference of lamivudine in the assembly of double-helix structures with aliphatic organic acids rather than aromatic acids has been rationalized based on the amount of acid used during the synthesis. In addition, four other salts were also prepared by crystallizing lamivudine with the L-tartaric, sulfuric and perchloric acids, where the two-point synthon described by the graph set R22(8) prevailed. On the other hand, in the structure of lamivudine perchlorate monohydrate neither the two-point synthon nor the three-point one was observed. Finally, the first anhydrous polymorph of lamivudine was reported. This new polymorphic phase of lamivudine is anhydrous as well as form II. In addition to being a new solid phase of alleged commercial interest, the polymorphic form IV of lamivudine also reinforces the importance of performing an extensive screening of the crystallization conditions of new crystalline modifications of active pharmaceutical ingredients.Um ramo da engenharia de cristais de lamivudina lida com sua base nitrogenada pirimidina, a qual pode ser protonada, sendo assim um alvo de cristalização com ácidos. Nesse contexto, e com relação ao fármaco lamivudina, dez novas fases cristalinas foram preparadas e suas estruturas cristalinas foram elucidadas por difração de raios X por monocristal. Além disso, duas delas também foram caracterizadas por espectroscopia no infravermelho (IV) e outras três foram caracterizadas termicamente por TG e DSC. Desse modo, esse estudo mostra o interessante exemplo de reconhecimento quiral mesmo sem resolução quiral. O (R)-mandelato de lamivudina e o co-cristal (S)-mandélico de (R)-mandelato de lamivudina trihidratado revelaram a enantiopreferência da conexão entre o cátion (lamivudina)+ e o ânion (R)-mandelato- em ambas fases de sal e co-cristal de sal através do sínton robusto de dois pontos 2-aminopiridina-carboxilato. O presente estudo mostra que as duas formas sólidas de lamivudina com ácido mandélico foram utilizadas como modelo para distinguir entre a natureza de um co-cristal de sal e de um sal. Isso porque informações específicas obtidas dos espectros de IV tornaram possível identificar ambas as formas ionizadas e neutra do ácido mandélico diretamente no espectro do co-cristal de sal. Ainda, investigou-se a formação de formas cristalinas de lamivudina que se assemelham a estrutura de DNA devido a seu grande valor estrutural. Após os experimentos de cristalização foram obtidas três estruturas cristalinas de lamivudina semelhantes a estrutura de DNA denominadas de dupla hélice de lamivudina IV, V e VI. Na dupla hélice de lamivudina IV os contra-íons são responsáveis pela abertura da dupla fita devido ao seu padrão de ligação de hidrogênio. A abordagem teórica mostrou que não há uma tendência energética com respeito a formação de duplex de lamivudina com ácidos orgânicos alifáticos ou de sais de lamivudina com ácidos aromáticos. Desse modo, a preferência da lamivudina em montar estruturas cristalinas de dupla hélice com ácidos orgânicos alifáticos ao invés de ácidos aromáticos foi racionalizada com base na quantidade de ácido usada durante a síntese. Além disso, também foram preparados outros quatro sais ao cristalizar lamivudina com os ácidos L-tartárico, sulfúrico e perclórico, onde o sínton de dois pontos descrito pelo conjunto gráfico R22(8) prevaleceu. Por outro lado, na estrutura do perclorato de lamivudina monohidratado nem o sínton de dois pontos e nem o de três pontos foram observados. Por fim, o primeiro polimorfo anidro de lamivudina foi reportado. Essa nova fase polimórfica de lamivudina é anidra assim como a forma II. Além de ser uma nova fase sólida de suposto interesse comercial, a forma polimórfica IV de lamivudina também reforça a importância de se realizar uma varredura extensiva das condições de cristalização de novas modificações cristalinas de insumos farmacêuticos ativos

New crystal forms of the anti-HIV drug lamivudine with 1,2-dicarboxilic acids: preparation, characterization and solubility

Submitted by Jaqueline Silva ([email protected]) on 2014-09-19T19:05:02Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Silva, Cameron-2014-dissertação.pdf: 4685861 bytes, checksum: 35a25c14813b0206d3d9c8fa6c8bfdaf (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5)Approved for entry into archive by Jaqueline Silva ([email protected]) on 2014-09-19T19:05:31Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Silva, Cameron-2014-dissertação.pdf: 4685861 bytes, checksum: 35a25c14813b0206d3d9c8fa6c8bfdaf (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5)Made available in DSpace on 2014-09-19T19:05:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Silva, Cameron-2014-dissertação.pdf: 4685861 bytes, checksum: 35a25c14813b0206d3d9c8fa6c8bfdaf (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-06Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Goiás - FAPEGCo-crystallization of active pharmaceutical ingredients has been widely studied lately in order to improve the solid state features of such compounds, for example solubility, and also to protect the intellectual property of such compounds. Multicomponent molecular crystals can be prepared from both supramolecular synthon and screening approaches, which involve the variation of crystallization conditions. In this way, molecular crystal engineering is a strategy to improve solid state properties of drugs related to their efficacies. One branch of the lamivudine crystal engineering deals with its protonable pyrimidine-based nitrogen being a recipe of crystallization with carboxylic acids. Such strategy has yielded several pharmaceutical co-crystals and salts of APIs that have lamivudine-like heterocyclic nitrogens by choosing suitable carboxylic acids as a salt/co-crystal former. In this context and in relation to the drug antiretroviral nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor lamivudine, four new crystalline phases thereof were prepared, their crystal structures were determined by X-ray diffraction by single crystal, and their solubility in water were measured. For the first time it was observed an in-plane pairing of lamivudine with the carboxylate and carboxyl functionalities of a same salt former unit giving rise to a trimer and a tetramer in the structures of lamivudine hydrogen phthalate hemihydrate and lamivudine hydrogen 4,5-dichlorophthalate, respectively. Besides, a new synthon have been found in the first salt. All lamivudine salts were less soluble than the lamivudine form II (free base). The unexpected heterosynthon can be related to the slightly higher solubility of lamivudine hydrogen 4,5-dichlorophthalate when compared to the other salts prepared in this study.Co-cristalização de insumos farmacêuticos ativos tem sido largamente estudada ultimamente a fim de melhorar as propriedades do estado sólido, como, por exemplo, a solubilidade, e também manter a propriedade intelectual de tais compostos. Cristais moleculares multicomponentes podem ser preparados a partir da abordagem de sínton supramolecular e também através de métodos sistemáticos de investigação laboratorial, o que envolve a variação de condições de cristalização dos fármacos. Neste sentido, a engenharia de cristais moleculares é uma estratégia para aperfeiçoar as propriedades de estado sólido relacionadas às eficácias dos fármacos. Um ramo da engenharia de cristais de lamivudina lida com sua base nitrogenada pirimidina, a qual pode ser protonada, sendo assim um alvo de co-cristalização com ácidos carboxílicos. Tal estratégia tem rendido vários co-cristais e sais de insumos farmacêuticos ativos que possuem nitrogênio heterocíclico como a lamivudina pela escolha adequada de ácidos carboxílicos como um formador de sal/co-cristal. Nesse contexto, e com relação ao fármaco antirretroviral inibidor nucleosídeo de transcriptase reversa, a saber, lamivudina, quatro novas fases cristalinas foram preparadas, suas estruturas cristalinas foram elucidadas por difração de raios X por monocristal, e suas solubilidades em água foram aferidas. Nesse estudo, pela primeira vez foi observado um duplo pareamento da droga com ambas as funcionalidades ácidas do contra-íon originando uma tríade e um tetrâmero planar nas estruturas de biftalato de lamivudina hemidratado e 4,5-diclorohidrogenoftalado de lamivudina, respectivamente. Além disso, um novo sínton foi encontrado no primeiro sal. Todos eles foram menos solúvel do que a forma II da lamivudina (base livre). O inesperado heterosínton pôde ser correlacionado com a solubilidade ligeiramente maior do 4,5-diclorobiftalato de lamivudina quando comparado com os demais sais preparados

Experimental and theoretical second harmonic generation and photoluminescence from the pseudo-centrosymmetric dihydrochloride salt dihydrate of trans-1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethene

Here we have prepared a dihydrochloride salt dihydrate of the well-known trans-1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethene (BPE) featuring both photoluminescent and nonlinear optical properties. In its triclinic lattice (space group P1), BPE cations are stacked face-to-tail through π⋯π interactions between the spacer double-bonded carbons and the protonated pyridyl ring, with a slippage of 3.45 Å always towards the same direction, which is common in other NLO crystals. The existence of inversion symmetry was suggested in its crystal structure, which was ruled out by the SHG emission centred at 487 nm upon excitation at 974 nm. While the fully optimized single molecule of the divalent BPE cation in the gas phase had almost null μ, βtot, βCT and βvec values calculated at the CAM-B3LYP/NLO-V//B3LYP/6-31G* level of theory, these values differed from zero in the crystal conformation. More interestingly, a ca. 4-fold increase in βtot, α and μ was observed for the π⋯π stacked four-molecules as found in its crystal structure. Lastly, this BPE material presents high photoluminescence emission centred at 425 nm under excitation at 366 nm, being therefore a multifunctional optical crystal form.Fil: Valdo, Ana Karoline Silva Mendanha. Universidade Federal de Goiás; BrasilFil: Da Silva, Cameron Capeletti. Universidade Federal de Goiás; BrasilFil: Maia, Lauro June Queiroz. Universidade Federal de Goiás; BrasilFil: Sarotti, Ariel Marcelo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Rosario. Instituto de Química Rosario. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas. Instituto de Química Rosario; ArgentinaFil: Martins, Felipe T.. Universidade Federal de Goiás; Brasi

Lamivudine as a Nucleoside Template To Engineer DNA-Like Double-Stranded Helices in Crystals

Lamivudine (β-l-2′,3′-dideoxy-3′-thiacytidine, 3TC) is a nucleoside-based anti-HIV/HBV drug that has provided insights into the nucleic acid double-stranded helix assembly. Two crystal structures thereof assembled with nucleobase pairing and helical stacking as mimicries of DNA have recently demonstrated that nucleosides bring themselves the chemical information to assemble DNA duplexes even if the covalent backbone is absent. Here, we report the third structural example in which nucleosides are base-paired and helically base-stacked. A DNA-like double stranded helix was prepared by cocrystallizing lamivudine with fumaric acid. We have named it lamivudine duplex III. When the maleic acid present in the first example of lamivudine duplex is substituted for its <i>trans</i>-stereoisomer, the formation of a DNA-mimic is still observed. Lamivudine duplex III exhibits both base pairing motifs present in the antecedent duplexes. In this structure, there are four protonated lamivudine molecules paired in-plane with four neutral ones. These base pairs are held together through three hydrogen bonds as occurs in lamivudine duplex I. But, contrary to duplex I with pairing between neutral and cationic drug units only, duplex III has one neutral 3TC3TC pair in its asymmetric unit. These molecules are kept in contact through only two peripheral N–H···O hydrogen bonds as in two of the three neutral lamivudine pairs of the second example of lamivudine duplex. In both structures, each neutral pair is face-to-face stacked on top of one another and face-to-tail stacked on bottom of another one. Another remarkable feature of duplex III is in its fiber periphery. There are hydrogen bonds between the 5′-OH moieties of neighbor pairs pointing in the direction of the missing phosphodiester linkages that would covalently bond two adjacent monomers in the strand. Furthermore, the geometry of these interactions reveals the antiparallel orientation of each strand relative to one another. ¹³C CP/MAS NMR and powder X-ray diffraction analyses have also revealed loss of long-range order upon grounding lamivudine duplex III crystals. Such phenomenon can be related to its low melting temperature. In addition, solid state ¹⁵N NMR spectra have reinforced the protonation pattern of lamivudine duplex III. At last, this study adds knowledge on lamivudine versatility to assemble a DNA-mimic in crystals even without the covalent phosphodiester linkages, and duplex formation with rational counterion replacement means base-paired and helically base-stacked structures of nucleosides can be successfully engineered

Probing the competition between acetate and 2,2′-bipyridine ligands to bind to d-block group 12 metals

Herein, we were interested in probing the competition between 2,2′-bipyridine (2,2′-bipy) and acetate ligands in binding to Zn2+, Cd2+ and Hg2+. We have obtained eight new supramolecular architectures through tuning the proportion of these two ligands. On doubling the acetate availability compared to 2,2′-bipy, complexes with either Zn2+, Cd2+ or Hg2+ were formed with one 2,2′-bipy and two acetate ligands coordinated to the metal center. One water molecule is also coordinated to Zn2+ and Cd2+ in these two complexes, which are reported here for the first time. One 2,2′-bipy is still coordinated to the three metal ions with an acetate excess of 10-times, but another trinuclear Zn2+ complex is formed with two 2,2′-bipy and six acetate ligands (1 : 3 2,2′-bipy : acetate stoichiometry). Upon setting an equimolar ratio of the ligands, the complex [Zn(CH3CO2)(2,2′-bipy)2]+ is formed, while two 2,2′-bipy and two acetate ligands are coordinated to Cd2+, giving rise to a [Cd(CH3CO2)2(2,2′bipy)2] complex. On doubling the 2,2′-bipy availability compared to acetate, the former does not coordinate to Zn2+ and Cd2+, as observed in the acetate salt form of [Zn(2,2′-bipy)3]2+ and in [Cd(2,2′-bipy)3]2+. This last Cd2+ complex did not crystallize, revealing its unfavorable crystallization as an acetate salt form. However, under this last ligand ratio, the persistence of at least one coordinated acetate was observed in the Hg2+ complex with 2 : 1 2,2′-bipy : acetate stoichiometry. Furthermore, there is a cocrystallized 2,2′-bipy in the acetate salt form of [Hg(CH3CO2)(2,2′-bipy)2]+, which is not able to win the competition with acetate for the third coordination site to Hg2+. Even if the 2,2′-bipy amount is 10-times higher than that of acetate in the reaction batch, one acetate remains coordinated to Hg2+. Our crystal form of [Zn(CH3CO2)(2,2′-bipy)2]+ is strongly photoluminescent, with highly efficient emission centered at 356 nm (external and internal quantum yields of 14.2(1)% and 41.3(1)%), whose optical efficiency was rationalized on the basis of time-dependent DFT calculations.Fil: Do Nascimento Neto, José Antônio. Universidade Federal de Goiás; BrasilFil: Da Silva, Cameron Capeletti. Universidade Federal de Goiás; BrasilFil: Ribeiro, Leandro Agustín. Universidade Federal de Goiás; BrasilFil: Vasconcelos, Géssica Adriana. Universidade Federal de Goiás; BrasilFil: Gontijo Vaz, Boniek. Universidade Federal de Goiás; BrasilFil: Ferreira, Vinicius Sousa. Universidade Federal de Goiás; BrasilFil: Queiroz Júnior, Luiz Henrique Keng. Universidade Federal de Goiás; BrasilFil: Maia, Lauro June Queiroz. Universidade Federal de Goiás; BrasilFil: Sarotti, Ariel Marcelo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Rosario. Instituto de Química Rosario. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas. Instituto de Química Rosario; ArgentinaFil: Martins, Felipe T.. Universidade Federal de Goiás; Brasi