RENDIMENTO EM MADEIRA SERRADA E QUANTIFICAÇÃO DE RESÍDUOS PARA TRÊS ESPÉCIES TROPICAIS

The purpose of this work was to evaluate the yield in sawnwood and the generation of residues from sawing of the following species: cedrinho (Erisma uncinatum), cambará (Qualea albiflora) and itaúba (Mezilaurus itauba). Logs of three species were sawed in four diametric classes, ranging from 31 to 70 cm, using the same sawing methods. The yield in sawnwood as well as the volume of residues were determined. yield in sawnwood didn’t show statistic differences between diametrical classes for the three studied species. The cedrinho and itaúba species showed a higher yield in the diametric classes from 51 to 60 cm. On the other hand, itaúba species showed the tendency to increase the yield in sawnwood with the increasing of logs’ diameter. Although presenting no statistic differences, the species that showed the better yield in sawnwood was the cambará. The itaúba species presented lesser yield, and so, high generation of residues. The logs of larger diameter of cedrinho and itaúba presented defects that resulted in yield reduction. In terms of the residues’ generation, only the itaúba was statistically different from the others species.Este trabalho teve o objetivo de avaliar o rendimento em madeira serrada e geração de resíduos no desdobro das espécies cedrinho (Erisma uncinatum), cambará (Qualea albiflora) e itaúba (Mezilaurus itauba). Foram desdobradas toras das três espécies em quatro classes diamétricas, variando de 31 a 70 cm de diâmetro, seguindo uma mesma metodologia de desdobro. Foram determinados o rendimento em madeira serrada e o volume de resíduos. O rendimento em madeira serrada não apresentou diferenças estatísticas entre classes diamétricas para as três espécies estudadas. As espécies cedrinho e itaúba apresentaram o maior rendimento na classe diamétrica de 51 a 60 cm. Já a itaúba apresentou a tendência de aumentar o rendimento em madeira serrada com o aumento do diâmetro das toras. A espécie cambará, mesmo não apresentando diferença estatística, foi a que apresentou o melhor rendimento em madeira serrada. A espécie itaúba apresentou menor rendimento e, conseqüentemente, maior geração de resíduos. Toras de maiores diâmetros de cedrinho e itaúba apresentaram defeitos que provocaram a redução no rendimento. Em termos de geração de resíduos, somente a itaúba foi estatisticamente diferente das demais

Influence of photoperiod in the attack of Dinoderus minutus Fabricius (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) in rotary cut veneers of tropical species

This research had as objective to evaluate the influence of photoperiod to the attack of borers Dinoderus minutus (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) in wood rotary cut veneers of six tropical species: axixá (Sterculia sp.), amescla (Trattinickia burseraefolia (Mart.) Wild), bandarra (Cedrelinga catenaeformis Ducke), copaíba (Copaifera sp.), sumaúma (Ceiba pentandra) and tauari (Couratari sp.) used in the manufacture of plywood panels. Two experiments were carried out, in conditions of laboratory, testing the species of isolated form and grouped form, induced to the attack of this insect, simulating its storage. The period of assay was of 20 weeks, in adaptation to European norm DIN EN 20-1 (1992), observing the index of mortality and the quantification of the perforations. The species sumaúma was the only one attacked and infested by the insect. Amongst the other tested species, tauari detached by the biggest insect mortality between veneers (samples) showing its resistance to D. minutus.Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a influência do fotoperíodo ao ataque de brocas Dinoderus minutus (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) em lâminas torneadas de madeira de seis espécies tropicais utilizadas na fabricação de compensados: axixá (Sterculia sp.), amescla (Trattinickia burseraefolia (Mart.) Wild), bandarra (Cedrelinga catenaeformis Ducke), copaíba (Copaifera sp.), sumaúma (Ceiba pentandra) e tauari (Couratari sp.). Foram realizados dois experimentos, em condições de laboratório, testando as espécies de forma isolada e de forma agrupada, induzidas ao ataque desse inseto, simulando sua estocagem. O período de ensaio foi de 20 semanas, em adaptação à norma européia DIN EN 20-1 (1992), observando o índice de mortalidade e a quantificação das perfurações. A espécie sumaúma foi a única atacada e infestada pelo inseto e dentre as demais espécies, o tauari se destacou pela maior mortalidade entre lâminas mostrando sua resistência a D. minutus

METODOLOGIA DE ANÁLISE E DIAGNÓSTICO DA MADEIRA NA PRESERVAÇÃO DO PATRIMÔNIO HISTÓRICO

The actual scenery of historical wood buildings is characterized by intense degradation related to the tropical brazilian weather, besides the absence of cultural preservation. Projects of restorations need efficient diagnosis to present good results in stopping the causes of degeneration, and in preserving the architeturals works to the new generations. This research analyses the house called «Grochocki» situated at the Murici Colony, near Curitiba, built by roof timber, trunk and board, with the brazilian wood called Araucaria angustifolia. The « logs home » is a remanent of the traditional polish colonization and the local architectural wood construction of Paraná. This study presents a methodology of analysis and a valuation card considering the preservation. It considers also a visual analysis, a degradation mapping and a non-destructive analysis with the Stress wave timer equipment. One category of deterioration was created and different professionals testified the relevance of the card. Good results in evaluation of the wooden historical patrimony were found. The best prepared professionals capable to realize the diagnosis, proved to be those with the largest kwnoledges in technological and pathological aspects of wood.O panorama atual das edificações históricas de madeira é marcado pelas degradações intensas associadas ao clima tropical brasileiro, além da falta de consciência cultural de preservação. Projetos de restauração contemplam diagnósticos eficazes que levam à suspensão das causas geradoras da deterioração, de modo a garantir a reabilitação e a integridade das obras às futuras gerações. Para a consecução deste trabalho, optou-se pelo exame da casa Grochocki, localizada na colônia Murici, Região Metropolitana de Curitiba, construída de troncos de Araucaria angustifolia, remanescente da tradição construtiva polonesa e da arquitetura de madeira do Paraná. Foi intuito deste estudo formular uma metodologia de análise e uma ficha de avaliação do estado de conservação da edificação em questão. Foram realizados análises visuais, o mapeamento das degradações e a análise não-destrutiva com o equipamento Stress wave timer. Uma classe de deterioração foi gerada a partir dos dados qualitativos do equipamento, e diferentes profissionais testaram a aplicabilidade da ficha. Obtiveram-se resultados positivos para avaliação da madeira no patrimônio histórico. Pôde-se verificar também que os mais aptos para este diagnóstico demonstraram ser os profissionais que tiveram seus conhecimentos aprofundados em aspectos tecnológicos e patológicos da madeira. Palavras-chave: Patrimônio; madeira; metodologia de análise.   Abstract Methodology analysis and diagnosis of wood in preservation historical patrimony. The actual scenery of historical wood buildings is characterized by intense degradation related to the tropical brazilian weather, besides the absence of cultural preservation. Projects of restorations need efficient diagnosis to present good results in stopping the causes of degeneration, and in preserving the architeturals works to the new generations. This research analyses the house called «Grochocki» situated at the Murici Colony, near Curitiba, built by roof timber, trunk and board, with the brazilian wood called Araucaria angustifolia. The « logs home » is a remanent of the traditional polish colonization and the local architectural wood construction of Paraná. This study presents a methodology of analysis and a valuation card considering the preservation. It considers also a visual analysis, a degradation mapping and a non-destructive analysis with the Stress wave timer equipment. One category of deterioration was created and different professionals testified the relevance of the card. Good results in evaluation of the wooden historical patrimony were found. The best prepared professionals capable to realize the diagnosis, proved to be those with the largest kwnoledges in technological and pathological aspects of wood.Keywords: Architectural patrimony; wood; methodology analysis

QUALIDADE DA SECAGEM CONVENCIONAL CONJUNTA DA MADEIRA DE CLONES DE TRÊS ESPÉCIES DE Eucalyptus sp.

The domestic industry commonly dries different species of eucalyptus in a same load because of the difficulty of identifying the species, hybrids and clones, and by optimizing the use of the kiln, too. However, this practice is not recommended in the literature. The objective of this study was to verify the quality of grouped conventional drying of Eucalyptus saligna, Eucalyptus grandis and Eucalyptus dunnii from clonal plantations. To this end, three loads were dried with the three species together in a pilot conventional dry kiln. The parameters used to analyze the quality of dried wood were final moisture content, end checks, surface checks, cupping, collapse, moisture gradient and drying stresses. Eucalyptus grandis showed the best quality of drying, followed by Eucalyptus saligna, and both species have potential to be kiln dried together. Eucalyptus dunnii had the worst quality of drying, and should not be kiln dried together with Eucalyptus grandis and Eucalyptus saligna. The basic density and shrink age were good parameters for the expected quality of the drying of eucalyptus species, in which less dense and more dimensionally stable species had better quality of drying. The drying schedule used must be modified to further drying of these species, especially regarding to uniformity and conditioning periods, which were considered insufficient.http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/1980509819621A indústria nacional comumente seca diferentes espécies de eucalipto em uma mesma carga de secagem convencional, seja pela dificuldade de identificação das espécies, híbridos e clones, seja para melhor utilizar o equipamento. No entanto, essa prática não é recomendada na literatura específica. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a qualidade da secagem convencional conjunta da madeira de Eucalyptus saligna, Eucalyptus grandis e Eucalyptus dunnii oriundas de plantios clonais. Para tal, foi realizada a secagem de três cargas com as três espécies conjuntamente em uma câmara-piloto de secagem convencional. Os parâmetros utilizados para analisar-se a qualidade da secagem foram: umidade final, rachaduras de topo, rachaduras de superfície, encanoamento, colapso, gradiente de umidade e tensões de secagem. Eucalyptus grandis apresentou a melhor qualidade de secagem, seguido pelo Eucalyptus saligna, e ambas as espécies possuem potencial para serem secas conjuntamente. Eucalyptus dunnii apresentou baixa qualidade de secagem, esta espécie não deve ser seca conjuntamente com Eucalyptus grandis e Eucalyptus saligna. A densidade básica e a retratibilidade foram bons parâmetros para a expectativa de qualidade da secagem de Eucalyptus, em que espécies menos densas e mais estáveis dimensionalmente apresentaram melhor qualidade de secagem. O programa de secagem utilizado deve ser modificado para secagens futuras dessas espécies, especialmente no tocante aos períodos de uniformização e condicionamento, que foram considerados insuficientes

Yeld in lumber of Pinus sp. using cutting models in small sawmill

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi comparar o desdobro convencional e programado de toras de pínus em uma serraria de pequeno porte, tendo sido utilizados modelos de corte para diferentes classes diamétricas aplicadas em um programa de computador MaxiTora, visando a otimização no desdobro de toras. Para tal, foram selecionadas 80 toras de Pinus sp. com diâmetros que variaram de 24 a 33 cm, formando quatro classes diamétricas com 20 toras por classe. Em cada classe diamétrica, as toras foram separadas em dois lotes com 10 unidades, sendo um lote submetido ao desdobro aleatório e o outro lote submetido ao desdobro programado. Para o sistema de desdobro aleatório, os rendimentos obtidos em todas as classes diamétricas variaram de 44,96% a 52,47%, com a média geral correspondendo a 49,01%. No sistema de desdobro programado, os rendimentos obtidos variaram de 49,93% a 55,25% em todas as classes diamétricas estudadas e a média geral correspondeu a 52,14%. A classificação de toras e programação de cortes permitiram aumentar o rendimento da serraria em pelo menos três pontos percentuais. A programação de desdobro de toras resultou em aumento de rendimento em todas as classes diamétricas estudadas.Palavras-chave: Desdobro de toras; rendimento; otimização. AbstractYeld in lumber of  Pinus sp. using cutting models in small sawmill. The objective of this research was to compare conventional and programmed cutting of logs pine at small sawmill. The models have been used for cutting different diametrical classes. The software MaxiTora was employed aiming to optimize logs cutting. For such, 80 logs of Pinus sp had been selected with diameters that varied from 24 cm to 33 cm, gathering four diametrical classes with 20 logs each. In each diametrical class, the logs had been separated in two lots of 10 units, then the first lot was submitted to random cutting and the second lot was submitted to programmed cutting. In relation to the random cutting system, the yield obtained in all the diametrical classes varied from 44.96% to 52.47%, and the general average corresponded to 49.01%. In relation to the programmed cutting system, the yield varied from 49.93% to 55.25% in all the diametrical classes studied, and the general average corresponded to 52.14%. Grading of logs and cutting schedule allowed to increase the sawmill efficiency in at least three percentage points. A programming sawing of logs resulted in increased yield in all diameter classes studied.Keywords: Cut of logs; yield; optimization.The objective of this research was to compare conventional and programmed cutting of logs pine at small sawmill. The models have been used for cutting different diametrical classes. The software MaxiTora was employed aiming to optimize logs cutting. For such, 80 logs of Pinus sp had been selected with diameters that varied from 24 cm to 33 cm, gathering four diametrical classes with 20 logs each. In each diametrical class, the logs had been separated in two lots of 10 units, then the first lot was submitted to random cutting and the second lot was submitted to programmed cutting. In relation to the random cutting system, the yield obtained in all the diametrical classes varied from 44.96% to 52.47%, and the general average corresponded to 49.01%. In relation to the programmed cutting system, the yield varied from 49.93% to 55.25% in all the diametrical classes studied, and the general average corresponded to 52.14%. Grading of logs and cutting schedule allowed to increase the sawmill efficiency in at least three percentage points. A programming sawing of logs resulted in increased yield in all diameter classes studied

Estudio de las propiedades físico mecánicas de la madera de capirona (Calycophyllum spruceanum [Bentham] Hooker f. ex Schumann) como potencial para la producción de pisos de madera maciza

The present study aimed to determine the physical and mechanical properties of a 20-year-old plantation of the species Calycophyllum spruceanum, known in Peru as “capirona,” for its potential for wood flooring production. For this purpose, samples were collected from six trees in a plantation located in the district of Curimaná, department of Ucayali, Peru. Physical and mechanical property tests were conducted following the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) D143-94(2000) standard. The results showed that capirona has a basic density of 0,68 g/cm3 , which is considered a heavy wood, and exhibits moderate dimensional stability. The mechanical properties demonstrated that the wood has a high resistance to bending and compression parallel to the grain, and a very high resistance to compression perpendicular to the grain, hardness, shear, and toughness. Based on the Peruvian Technical Standard (NTP) 251.135:2013, the characteristics of capirona wood for flooring were evaluated, yielding positive results and indicating its potential for solid wood flooring production.El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo determinar las propiedades físico mecánicas de una plantación de veinte años, de la especie Calycophyllum spruceanum, conocida en el Perú como capirona, por su potencial para la producción de pisos de madera. Para ello, se tomaron muestras de seis árboles de una plantación ubicada en el distrito de Curimaná-Ucayali, Perú. Las pruebas de propiedades físicas y mecánicas se realizaron según los estándares de la Sociedad Americana para Pruebas y Materiales (ASTM D143-94 [2000]). Los resultados obtenidos mostraron que la capirona tiene una densidad básica de 0,68 g/cm3, por lo que se considera una madera pesada; además, presenta una estabilidad dimensional moderada. Las propiedades mecánicas mostraron que la madera presenta una alta resistencia a la flexión y compresión paralela y muy alta resistencia a la compresión perpendicular, dureza, cizallamiento y tenacidad. Con base en la NTP 251.135.2013, se evaluaron las características de la madera de capirona para pisos y arrojó resultados positivos que indican su potencial para la producción de pisos de madera maciza

Technical efficiency in principal sawing of three tropical species

Este estudo teve como objetivo comparar a eficiência técnica do desdobro principal de toras em um engenho de serra de fita para três espécies tropicais: muiracatiara (Astronium lecointei Ducke), muirapiranga (Brosimum rubescens Taub.) e jatobá (Hymenaea courbaril Hayne). Para cada espécie foram selecionadas 4 classes diamétricas com 5 toras, totalizando 60 toras. As três espécies apresentaram melhores resultados nas classes de maiores diâmetros, com a classe 1 apresentando menor eficiência técnica e a classe 4 a maior eficiência técnica, o que mostra tendência de aumento da eficiência de acordo com o aumento das classes diamétricas. O jatobá foi a espécie que apresentou a menor eficiência técnica e a muirapiranga a maior eficiência técnica no desdobro principal para as três espécies tropicais.Palavras-chave: Desempenho em serraria; madeiras amazônicas. AbstractTechnical efficiency in principal sawing of three tropical species. This study aimed to compare the technical efficiency of the band saw for three tropical species: muiracatiara (Astronium Lecointei Ducke), muirapiranga (Brosimum rubescens) and jatoba (Hymenaea courbaril). We selected 4 diameter classes with 5 logs each for each species, in a total of 60 logs. The three species presented better results in larger diameter classes; class 1 obtained the worst result, and class 4 had the best results. There was a tendency of increasing efficiency due to the increase of diameter class for the focused species. The jatoba tree had the lowest technical efficiency, and muirapiranga tree was the most technical efficient in principal unfolding among the three tropical species.Keywords: Sawn wood; technical efficiency; tropical wood.AbstractThis study aimed to compare the technical efficiency of the band saw for three tropical species: muiracatiara (Astronium Lecointei Ducke), muirapiranga (Brosimum rubescens) and jatoba (Hymenaea courbaril). We selected 4 diameter classes with 5 logs each for each species, in a total of 60 logs. The three species presented better results in larger diameter classes; class 1 obtained the worst result, and class 4 had the best results. There was a tendency of increasing efficiency due to the increase of diameter class for the focused species. The jatoba tree had the lowest technical efficiency, and muirapiranga tree was the most technical efficient in principal unfolding among the three tropical species.Keywords: Sawn wood; technical efficiency; tropical wood

RENDIMENTO EM MADEIRA SERRADA DE Pinus taeda PARA DUAS METODOLOGIAS DE DESDOBRO

This work was developed to evaluate the sawnwoodyield of Pinus taeda with two differents methodologies of log sawing called conventional and optimized systems, for a hundred logs with diameters between 18 and 44 cm. The logs were grouped in five diameter classes with twenty logs by class. The half of them were divided in the same number for each sawing system. In the conventional sawing the yield ranged from 35,24% to 43,92%, while in optimized sawing the variation was from 41,65% to 63,04%. The yield was affected by the sawing system used. In conventional sawing, do not have on increase tendency of yield with the logs diameter raise. In optimized sawing system the yield was greater in all classes and showed the tendency of increasing with logs diameter raise. The logs selection and sawing models used to each diameter class (optimized sawing) were efficient methods to increase the yield in sawnwood of pine.Este trabalho teve o objetivo de avaliar o rendimento em madeira serrada de Pinus taeda com duas diferentes metodologias de desdobro, denominadas de sistema convencional e sistema otimizado, utilizando 100 toras com diâmetros entre 18 e 44 cm. As 100 toras foram agrupadas em cinco classes diamétricas com 20 toras, sendo essas divididas em igual número para cada sistema de desdobro No desdobro convencional, o rendimento variou de 35,24% a 43,92%, e no desdobro otimizado, de 41,65% a 63,04%. O rendimento foi afetado pelo sistema de desdobro utilizado. No desdobro convencional, não houve tendência de aumento do rendimento com o aumento do diâmetro das toras. No desdobro otimizado o rendimento foi maior em todas as classes e apresentou a tendência de aumentar com o aumento do diâmetro das toras. A classificação de toras e modelos de corte para cada classe diamétrica (desdobro otimizado) foi uma forma eficiente para aumentar o rendimento em madeira serrada de pinus

USE OF X-RAYS AND QGIS® SOFTWARE TO EVALUATE DETERIORATED WOOD IN MARINE ENVIRONMENTS

The objective of this work was to propose a nondestructive method to identify and quantify the damage caused by marine borers in wood structures. First, a test specimen was submerged in an estuarine environment for 120 days. Radiography was then applied to detect and evaluate the attack by marine borers. Two methods of evaluation were performed with the images to compare them. The first assessment was carried out using the QGIS® geoprocessing program for the treatment of images as a tool, which made it possible to identify and quantify the damage (in cm²). The second evaluation followed the method indicated in EN 275 (1992), which suggests a visual assessment, based on X-ray images, classified according to a template provided in the standard. Although the method using the image treatment by QGIS® is an estimate, it has the advantage of providing a numerical result, in contrast to the visual analysis, which is not as accurate due to its subjectivity. Besides this, the treatment of the images allowed good visualization of the damage to the specimen. The findings indicated that QGIS® can be used as a complement to the method proposed by EN 275 (1992)