1,086 research outputs found
Photon creation in a spherical oscillating cavity
We study the photon creation inside a perfectly conducting, spherical
oscillating cavity. The electromagnetic field inside the cavity is described by
means of two scalar fields which satisfy Dirichlet and (generalized) Neumann
boundary conditions. As a preliminary step, we analyze the dynamical Casimir
effect for both scalar fields. We then consider the full electromagnetic case.
The conservation of angular momentum of the electromagnetic field is also
discussed, showing that photons inside the cavity are created in singlet
states.Comment: 14 pages, no figure
Chemo-Archaeological Downsizing in a Hierarchical Universe: Impact of a Top Heavy IGIMF
We make use of a semi-analytical model of galaxy formation to investigate the
origin of the observed correlation between [a/Fe] abundance ratios and stellar
mass in elliptical galaxies. We implement a new galaxy-wide stellar initial
mass function (Top Heavy Integrated Galaxy Initial Mass Function, TH-IGIMF) in
the semi-analytic model SAG and evaluate its impact on the chemical evolution
of galaxies. The SFR-dependence of the slope of the TH-IGIMF is found to be key
to reproducing the correct [a/Fe]-stellar mass relation. Massive galaxies reach
higher [a/Fe] abundance ratios because they are characterized by more top-heavy
IMFs as a result of their higher SFR. As a consequence of our analysis, the
value of the minimum embedded star cluster mass and of the slope of the
embedded cluster mass function, which are free parameters involved in the
TH-IGIMF theory, are found to be as low as 5 solar masses and 2, respectively.
A mild downsizing trend is present for galaxies generated assuming either a
universal IMF or a variable TH-IGIMF. We find that, regardless of galaxy mass,
older galaxies (with formation redshifts > 2) are formed in shorter time-scales
(< 2 Gyr), thus achieving larger [a/Fe] values. Hence, the time-scale of galaxy
formation alone cannot explain the slope of the [a/Fe]-galaxy mass relation,
but is responsible for the big dispersion of [a/Fe] abundance ratios at fixed
stellar mass.We further test the hyphothesis of a TH-IGIMF in elliptical
galaxies by looking into mass-to-light ratios, and luminosity functions. Models
with a TH-IGIMF are also favoured by these constraints. In particular,
mass-to-light ratios agree with observed values for massive galaxies while
being overpredicted for less massive ones; this overprediction is present
regardless of the IMF considered.Comment: 24 pages, 15 figures, 2 tables. (Comments most welcome). Summited to
MNRA
A method to localize gamma-ray bursts using POLAR
The hard X-ray polarimeter POLAR aims to measure the linear polarization of
the 50-500 keV photons arriving from the prompt emission of gamma-ray bursts
(GRBs). The position in the sky of the detected GRBs is needed to determine
their level of polarization. We present here a method by which, despite of the
polarimeter incapability of taking images, GRBs can be roughly localized using
POLAR alone. For this purpose scalers are attached to the output of the 25
multi-anode photomultipliers (MAPMs) that collect the light from the POLAR
scintillator target. Each scaler measures how many GRB photons produce at least
one energy deposition above 50 keV in the corresponding MAPM. Simulations show
that the relative outputs of the 25 scalers depend on the GRB position. A
database of very strong GRBs simulated at 10201 positions has been produced.
When a GRB is detected, its location is calculated searching the minimum of the
chi2 obtained in the comparison between the measured scaler pattern and the
database. This GRB localization technique brings enough accuracy so that the
error transmitted to the 100% modulation factor is kept below 10% for GRBs with
fluence Ftot \geq 10^(-5) erg cm^(-2) . The POLAR localization capability will
be useful for those cases where no other instruments are simultaneously
observing the same field of view.Comment: 13 pages, 10 figure
Neoglacial climate anomalies and the Harappan metamorphosis
Climate exerted constraints on the growth and decline of past human societies but our knowledge of temporal and spatial climatic patterns is often too restricted to address causal connections. At a global scale, the inter-hemispheric thermal balance provides an emergent framework for understanding regional Holocene climate variability. As the thermal balance adjusted to gradual changes in the seasonality of insolation, the Intertropical Convergence Zone migrated southward accompanied by a weakening of the Indian summer monsoon. Superimposed on this trend, anomalies such as the Little Ice Age point to asymmetric changes in the extratropics of either hemisphere. Here we present a reconstruction of the Indian winter monsoon in the Arabian Sea for the last 6000 years based on paleobiological records in sediments from the continental margin of Pakistan at two levels of ecological complexity: Sedimentary ancient DNA reflecting water column environmental states and planktonic foraminifers sensitive to winter conditions. We show that strong winter monsoons between ca. 4500 and 3000 years ago occurred during a period characterized by a series of weak interhemispheric temperature contrast intervals, which we identify as the early neoglacial anomalies (ENA). The strong winter monsoons during ENA were accompanied by changes in wind and precipitation patterns that are particularly evident across the eastern Northern Hemisphere and tropics. This coordinated climate reorganization may have helped trigger the metamorphosis of the urban Harappan civilization into a rural society through a push-pull migration from summer flood-deficient river valleys to the Himalayan piedmont plains with augmented winter rains. The decline in the winter monsoon between 3300 and 3000 years ago at the end of ENA could have played a role in the demise of the rural late Harappans during that time as the first Iron Age culture established itself on the Ghaggar-Hakra interfluve. Finally, we speculate that time-transgressive land cover changes due to aridification of the tropics may have led to a generalized instability of the global climate during ENA at the transition from the warmer Holocene thermal maximum to the cooler Neoglacial
Calibration of semi-analytic models of galaxy formation using Particle Swarm Optimization
We present a fast and accurate method to select an optimal set of parameters
in semi-analytic models of galaxy formation and evolution (SAMs). Our approach
compares the results of a model against a set of observables applying a
stochastic technique called Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), a self-learning
algorithm for localizing regions of maximum likelihood in multidimensional
spaces that outperforms traditional sampling methods in terms of computational
cost. We apply the PSO technique to the SAG semi-analytic model combined with
merger trees extracted from a standard CDM N-body simulation. The
calibration is performed using a combination of observed galaxy properties as
constraints, including the local stellar mass function and the black hole to
bulge mass relation. We test the ability of the PSO algorithm to find the best
set of free parameters of the model by comparing the results with those
obtained using a MCMC exploration. Both methods find the same maximum
likelihood region, however the PSO method requires one order of magnitude less
evaluations. This new approach allows a fast estimation of the best-fitting
parameter set in multidimensional spaces, providing a practical tool to test
the consequences of including other astrophysical processes in SAMs.Comment: 11 pages, 4 figures, 1 table. Accepted for publication in ApJ.
Comments are welcom
Active eukaryotes in microbialites from Highborne Cay, Bahamas, and Hamelin Pool (Shark Bay), Australia
Author Posting. © The Author(s), 2013. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here by permission of Nature Publishing Group for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in The ISME Journal 8 (2014): 418â429, doi:10.1038/ismej.2013.130.Microbialites are organosedimentary structures that are formed through the interaction of
benthic microbial communities and sediments and include mineral precipitation. These
lithifying microbial mat structures include stromatolites and thrombolites. Exuma Sound
in the Bahamas, and Hamelin Pool in Shark Bay, Western Australia are two locations
where significant stands of modern microbialites exist. Although prokaryotic diversity in
these structures is reasonably well documented, little is known about the eukaryotic
component of these communities and their potential to influence sedimentary fabrics
through grazing, binding and burrowing activities. Accordingly, comparisons of
eukaryotic communities in modern stromatolitic and thrombolytic mats can potentially
provide insight into the coexistence of both laminated and clotted mat structures in close
proximity to one another. Here we examine this possibility by comparing eukaryotic
diversity based on Sanger and high-throughput pyrosequencing of small subunit
ribosomal RNA (18S rRNA) genes. Analyses were based on total RNA extracts as
template to minimize input from inactive or deceased organisms. Results identified
diverse eukaryotic communities particularly stramenopiles, Alveolata, Metazoa,
Amoebozoa, and Rhizaria within different mat types at both locations, as well as
abundant and diverse signatures of eukaryotes with <80% sequence similarity to
sequences in GenBank. This suggests presence of significant novel eukaryotic diversity,
particularly in hypersaline Hamelin Pool. There was evidence of vertical structuring of
protist populations and foraminiferal diversity was highest in bioturbated/clotted
thrombolite mats of Highborne Cay.This work was funded by grant
OCE-0926421 to JMB and VPE and OCE-0926372 to RES
Quantifying the effects of hydrogen on carbon assimilation in a seafloor microbial community associated with ultramafic rocks
Thermodynamic models predict that H2 is energetically favorable for seafloor microbial life, but how H2 affects anabolic processes in seafloor-associated communities is poorly understood. Here, we used quantitative 13C DNA stable isotope probing (qSIP) to quantify the effect of H2 on carbon assimilation by microbial taxa synthesizing 13C-labeled DNA that are associated with partially serpentinized peridotite rocks from the equatorial Mid-Atlantic Ridge. The rock-hosted seafloor community was an order of magnitude more diverse compared to the seawater community directly above the rocks. With added H2, peridotite-associated taxa increased assimilation of 13C-bicarbonate and 13C-acetate into 16S rRNA genes of operational taxonomic units by 146% (±29%) and 55% (±34%), respectively, which correlated with enrichment of H2-oxidizing NiFe-hydrogenases encoded in peridotite-associated metagenomes. The effect of H2 on anabolism was phylogenetically organized, with taxa affiliated with Atribacteria, Nitrospira, and Thaumarchaeota exhibiting the most significant increases in 13C-substrate assimilation in the presence of H2. In SIP incubations with added H2, an order of magnitude higher number of peridotite rock-associated taxa assimilated 13C-bicarbonate, 13C-acetate, and 13C-formate compared to taxa that were not associated with peridotites. Collectively, these findings indicate that the unique geochemical nature of the peridotite-hosted ecosystem has selected for H2-metabolizing, rock-associated taxa that can increase anabolism under high H2 concentrations. Because ultramafic rocks are widespread in slow-, and ultraslow-spreading oceanic lithosphere, continental margins, and subduction zones where H2 is formed in copious amounts, the link between H2 and carbon assimilation demonstrated here may be widespread within these geological settings
Relative effectiveness of the adjuvanted vs non-adjuvanted seasonal influenza vaccines against severe laboratory-confirmed influenza among hospitalized Italian older adults
Objectives: In this study, we aimed to investigate the relative vaccine effectiveness (rVE) of the MF59-adjuvanted trivalent (aTIV) and non-adjuvanted quadrivalent (QIVe) egg-based standard-dose vaccines against severe laboratory-confirmed influenza. Methods: This test-negative case-control study was conducted in a hospital setting during four recent Italian influenza seasons (from 2018/19 to 2021/22). The clinical outcome was severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) with laboratory confirmation diagnosed among subjects aged â„65 years. rVE of aTIV versus QIVe was estimated through propensity score matching followed by logistic regression. Results: The influenza virus circulated to a significant extent only during the 2018/19 and 2019/20 seasons. The final population included 512 vaccinated older adults, of which 83 were cases and 429 were test-negative controls. aTIV and QIVe users differed substantially from the point of view of several baseline characteristics. The propensity score adjusted rVE of aTIV vs QIVe was 59.2% (95% CI: 14.6%, 80.5%), 54.7% (95% CI: -28.7%, 84.0%) and 56.9% (95% CI: -7.8%, 82.8%) against any influenza, A(H1N1)pdm09 and A(H3N2), respectively. Conclusion: aTIV was more effective than QIVe in preventing laboratory-confirmed SARI. The benefits of aTIV may be obscured by confounding indication
Zn-doped titania nanoparticles as building blocks for solid foam filters of water and air via photocatalytic oxidation
Photocatalytic oxidation (PCO) could provide energy-efficient purification of water and air. Its efficacy is constrained mainly by limited photocatalytic activity and active surface. To address both, solid foams with hierarchic porous structures spanning multiple length-scales, stabilized by photocatalytic Zn-doped titania nanoparticles (NP) were synthesized and tested. The NP were characterized by SEM, EDS, DLS, XRD, Raman and UVâVis spectroscopies. Solid foams were stabilized by NP complexes with cationic surfactants. The foam morphology was characterized and photocatalytic activity was demonstrated in water. The present work paves the way for the development of efficient systems for air and water purification in demanding technological sectors, such as aerospace
Controls on the movement and composition of firn air at the West Antarctic Ice Sheet Divide
We sampled interstitial air from the perennial snowpack (firn) at a site near the West Antarctic Ice Sheet Divide (WAIS-D) and analyzed the air samples for a wide variety of gas species and their isotopes. We find limited convective influence (1.4â5.2 m, depending on detection method) in the shallow firn, gravitational enrichment of heavy species throughout the diffusive column in general agreement with theoretical expectations, a ~10 m thick lock-in zone beginning at ~67 m, and a total firn thickness consistent with predictions of Kaspers et al. (2004). Our modeling work shows that the air has an age spread (spectral width) of 4.8 yr for CO<sub>2</sub> at the firn-ice transition. We also find that advection of firn air due to the 22 cm yr<sup>&minus;1</sup> ice-equivalent accumulation rate has a minor impact on firn air composition, causing changes that are comparable to other modeling uncertainties and intrinsic sample variability. Furthermore, estimates of &Delta;age (the gas age/ice age difference) at WAIS-D appear to be largely unaffected by bubble closure above the lock-in zone. Within the lock-in zone, small gas species and their isotopes show evidence of size-dependent fractionation due to permeation through the ice lattice with a size threshold of 0.36 nm, as at other sites. We also see an unequivocal and unprecedented signal of oxygen isotope fractionation within the lock-in zone, which we interpret as the mass-dependent expression of a size-dependent fractionation process
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