Champagne, a dominant color dilution of horses

International audienc

Dividing Attention Between Tasks: Testing Whether Explicit Payoff Functions Elicit Optimal Dual-Task Performance

We test people's ability to optimize performance across two concurrent tasks. Participants performed a number entry task while controlling a randomly moving cursor with a joystick. Participants received explicit feedback on their performance on these tasks in the form of a single combined score. This payoff function was varied between conditions to change the value of one task relative to the other. We found that participants adapted their strategy for interleaving the two tasks, by varying how long they spent on one task before switching to the other, in order to achieve the near maximum payoff available in each condition. In a second experiment, we show that this behavior is learned quickly (within 2-3 min over several discrete trials) and remained stable for as long as the payoff function did not change. The results of this work show that people are adaptive and flexible in how they prioritize and allocate attention in a dual-task setting. However, it also demonstrates some of the limits regarding people's ability to optimize payoff functions

Effective communication in eliciting and responding to suicidal thoughts: a systematic review protocol

Background In the UK, over 6500 people die by suicide each year. In England alone, this is one person every 2 h. Professionals assess risk of suicide in face-to-face contacts with people potentially at risk. The National Confidential Inquiry into Suicide found that most people who took their life were classified as ‘low risk’ in their final contact with mental health services. Training for front-line staff in reducing suicide is a NHS priority. While there is considerable evidence on what to assess when exploring suicidal ideation, there is little evidence on how to ask sensitive questions to effectively identify suicide risk and how to respond in the treatment encounter to reduce patient distress and suicidal ideation. This is critical for identifying risk and putting appropriate care in place. Methods An electronic search will be conducted using MEDLINE, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, EMBASE and PsycINFO databases. Controlled studies of effectiveness will be identified using a predefined search strategy. The focus will be on suicidal thoughts/feelings rather than self-harm without intent to die. Two authors will independently screen articles using predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria and relevant data will be extracted using the Cochrane Collaboration data extraction form for randomised controlled trials (RCTs). Discrepancies between the two authors will be resolved by consensus or by consulting a third author at all levels of screening. We will assess the quality of evidence as well as risk of bias. A meta-analysis will be conducted if participants, interventions and comparisons are sufficiently similar, and we will perform the meta-analysis using Stata data analysis and statistical software. Discussion The results of this systematic review will be used to guide training and practice for health care professionals

Croisement de la race n’dama avec les races abondance et montbéliarde en zone tropicale humide de côte divoire : caractérisation phénotypique et analyse comparative des croisés pour leurs performances laitières en ferme

Cent trente-quatre (134) vaches (66 F1 N'Damance, 28 F1 Montbéliarde et 40 3/4 Montbéliarde) de six (6) fermes laitières dans la région sud de la Côte d'Ivoire, ont été caractérisées à l'aide des caractères morphologiques et de production. Les données collectées ont été soumises aux analyses multivariées (factorielle discriminante et en composante principale). Les vaches se distinguent au mieux par leur format (périmètre thoracique, longueur de l'animal et longueur du museau), leur productions moyenne de lait et âge au premier vêlage. Ces trois types génétiques de vaches constituent des populations homogènes stables en élevage laitier dans la région sud de la Côte d'Ivoire. A l'exception de leur âge au premier vêlage qui est de 35,7 ± 0,78 mois pour les F1 N'Damance et 40,4 ± 1,33 mois pour les F1 Montbéliarde, ces derniers présentent des similitudes par leurs caractères physiques et de production. Ces deux types génétiques se caractérisent par la longueur de leur corps et périmètre thoracique allant respectivement, de 181,64 ±1,63 cm à 184,65 ± 1,28 cm pour les F1N'Damance et de 165,33 ± 1,19 cm à 167,02 ± 1,66 cm pour les F1 Montbéliarde. Cependant, avec une production moyenne de 5,2 ± 0,25 litres de lait par jour et un âge au premier vêlage de 34,8 ± 1,28, les vaches 3/4 Montbéliarde sont plus productives que les F1 N'Damance et Montbéliarde (4,5 litres de lait par jour). Les 3/4 Montbéliarde présentent ainsi les avantages comparatifs liés au niveau de sang exotique, pour la production et le croisement en élevage laitier en Côte d'Ivoire.Mots clés : Croisement laitier, bovin, caractérisation, performance, Côte d'Ivoire.English Abstract Crossbreeding n’dama breed with abondance and montbeliarde breeds in humid tropical environment of Côte d’Ivoire : phenotypical characterization and on-farm comparative analyses of the crossbred for their dairy performancesOne-hundred thirty four (134) crossbred dairy cows (F1 N'Damance 66, F1 Montbéliarde 28 and 3 / 4 Montbéliarde 40 ) from six (6) smallholder dairy farms in south of Côte d'Ivoire, have been characterized using physical and production traits. The collected data have been studied using discriminant factorial and principal component analysis. The cows distinguish themselves to the best by their format (heart girth, length of the animal and muzzle), their average milk production and the age at first calving.These three genetic types constitute three homogeny and stable population in dairy cattle breeding in Côte d'Ivoire. Except for the age at first calving of F1N'Damance (35,7± 0,78 month) and F1Montbéliarde(40,4 ± 1,33 month), both genetic types had similar physical and milk production performance. The F1 N'Damance and F1 Montbéliarde cows characterize themselves by their heart girth and body length, which vary respectively from 181,64 ± 1,63 cm to 184,65 ± 1,28 cm for F1 N'Damance and from 165,33 ± 1,19 cm to167,02 ± 1,66 cm for F1 Montbéliarde. Moreover, for an average milk production to 5,2 ± 0,25 litres per day and an average age at first calving 34,8 ± 1,28),the 3/4 Montbéliarde cows are more productive than F1  N'Damance and F1 Montbéliardecows (4,5 litresmilk per day). Then 3/4 Montbéliarde has a comparative advantage for milk production and crossbreeding in cattle dairy breeding in Côte d'Ivoire.Keywords : Dairycrossbreeding, cattle,characterization, performance, Côte d'Ivoir

Causing Factors Of Children With Special Needs And Abk Classification

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui faktor penyebab anak berkebutuhan khusus. Anak berkebutuhan khusus adalah anak yang memerlukan penanganan khusus karena adanya gangguan perkembangan dan kelainan yang dialami anak. Anak dengan kebutuhan khusus adalah anak yang membutuhkan layanan atau perlakuan khusus untuk mencapai perkembangan yang optimal sebagai akibat dari kelainan atau keluarbiasaan yang disandangnya. Pengertian ini menunjukan bahwa tanpa pelayanan atau perlakuan khusus mereka tidak dapat mencapai perkembangan yang optimal, termasuk kebutuhan khusus dalam layanan pendidikan. Metode penelitian yang digunakan ialah metode kualitatif, serta menggunakan metode studi pustaka atau library research

Association of Clinical Factors and Therapeutic Strategies With Improvements in Survival Following Non-ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction, 2003-2013.

Importance: International studies report a decline in mortality following non–ST-elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI). Whether this is due to lower baseline risk or increased utilization of guideline-indicated treatments is unknown. Objective: To determine whether changes in characteristics of patients with NSTEMI are associated with improvements in outcomes. Design, Setting, and Participants: Data on patients with NSTEMI in 247 hospitals in England and Wales were obtained from the Myocardial Ischaemia National Audit Project between January 1, 2003, and June 30, 2013 (final follow-up, December 31, 2013). Exposures: Baseline demographics, clinical risk (GRACE risk score), and pharmacological and invasive coronary treatments. Main Outcomes and Measures: Adjusted all-cause 180-day postdischarge mortality time trends estimated using flexible parametric survival modeling. Results: Among 389 057 patients with NSTEMI (median age, 72.7 years [IQR, 61.7-81.2 years]; 63.1% men), there were 113 586 deaths (29.2%). From 2003-2004 to 2012-2013, proportions with intermediate to high GRACE risk decreased (87.2% vs 82.0%); proportions with lowest risk increased (4.2% vs 7.6%; P= .01 for trend). The prevalence of diabetes, hypertension, cerebrovascular disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic renal failure, previous invasive coronary strategy, and current or ex-smoking status increased (all P < .001). Unadjusted all-cause mortality rates at 180 days decreased from 10.8% to 7.6% (unadjusted hazard ratio [HR], 0.968 [95% CI, 0.966-0.971]; difference in absolute mortality rate per 100 patients [AMR/100], −1.81 [95% CI, −1.95 to −1.67]). These findings were not substantially changed when adjusted additively by baseline GRACE risk score (HR, 0.975 [95% CI, 0.972-0.977]; AMR/100, −0.18 [95% CI, −0.21 to −0.16]), sex and socioeconomic status (HR, 0.975 [95% CI, 0.973-0.978]; difference in AMR/100, −0.24 [95% CI, −0.27 to −0.21]), comorbidities (HR, 0.973 [95% CI, 0.970-0.976]; difference in AMR/100, −0.44 [95% CI, −0.49 to −0.39]), and pharmacological therapies (HR, 0.972 [95% CI, 0.964-0.980]; difference in AMR/100, −0.53 [95% CI, −0.70 to −0.36]). However, the direction of association was reversed after further adjustment for use of an invasive coronary strategy (HR, 1.02 [95% CI, 1.01-1.03]; difference in AMR/100, 0.59 [95% CI, 0.33-0.86]), which was associated with a relative decrease in mortality of 46.1% (95% CI, 38.9%-52.0%). Conclusions and Relevance: Among patients hospitalized with NSTEMI in England and Wales, improvements in all-cause mortality were observed between 2003 and 2013. This was significantly associated with use of an invasive coronary strategy and not entirely related to a decline in baseline clinical risk or increased use of pharmacological therapies

Evaluation of the impact of the GRACE risk score on the management and outcome of patients hospitalised with non-ST elevation acute coronary syndrome in the UK: protocol of the UKGRIS cluster-randomised registry-based trial

Introduction For non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome (NSTEACS) there is a gap between the use of class 1 guideline recommended therapies and clinical practice. The GRACE risk score is recommended in international guidelines for the risk stratification of NSTEACS, but its impact on adherence to guideline-indicated treatments and reducing adverse clinical outcomes is unknown. The objective of the UKGRIS trial is to assess the effectiveness of the GRACE risk score tool and associated treatment recommendations on the use of guideline-indicated care and clinical outcomes. Methods and Analysis The UK GRACE Risk Score Intervention Study (UKGRIS), a parallel-group cluster randomised registry-based controlled trial, will allocate hospitals in a 1:1 ratio to manage NSTEACS by standard care or according to the GRACE risk score and associated international guidelines. UKGRIS will recruit a minimum of 3000 patients from at least 30 English National Health Service hospitals and collect healthcare data from national electronic health records. The co-primary endpoints are the use of guideline-indicated therapies, and the composite of cardiovascular death, non-fatal myocardial infarction, new onset heart failure hospitalisation or cardiovascular readmission at 12 months. Secondary endpoints include duration of inpatient hospital stay over 12 months, EQ-5D-5L responses and utilities, unscheduled revascularisation and the components of the composite endpoint over 12 months follow-up. Ethics and Dissemination The study has ethical approval (North East - Tyne & Wear South Research Ethics Committee ref: 4/NE/1180). Findings will be announced at relevant conferences and published in peer-reviewed journals in line with the funder’s open access policy. Registration ISRCTN29731761, registered 12th January 2017

Childbearing postponement and child well-being: a complex and varied relationship?

Over the past several decades, U.S. fertility has followed a trend toward the postponement of motherhood. The socioeconomic causes and consequences of this trend have been the focus of attention in the demographic literature. Given the socioeconomic advantages of those who postpone having children, some authors have argued that the disadvantage experienced by certain groups would be reduced if they postponed their births. The weathering hypothesis literature, by integrating a biosocial perspective, complicates this argument and posits that the costs and benefits of postponement may vary systematically across population subgroups. In particular, the literature on the weathering hypothesis argues that as a consequence of their unique experiences of racism and disadvantage, African American women may experience a more rapid deterioration of their health, which could offset or eventually reverse any socioeconomic benefit of postponement. But because very few African American women postpone motherhood, efforts to find compelling evidence to support the arguments of this perspective rely on a strategy of comparison that is problematic because a potentially selected group of older black mothers are used to represent the costs of postponement. This might explain why the weathering hypothesis has played a rather limited role in the way demographers conceptualize postponement and its consequences for well-being. In order to explore the potential utility of this perspective, we turn our attention to the UK context. Because first-birth fertility schedules are similar for black and white women, we can observe (rather than assume) whether the meaning and consequences of postponement vary across these population subgroups. The results, obtained using linked UK census and birth record data, reveal evidence consistent with the weathering hypothesis in the United Kingdom and lend support to the arguments that the demographic literature would benefit from integrating insights from this biosocial perspective

Antiferromagnetic Order Induced by an Applied Magnetic Field in a High-Temperature Superconductor

One view of the cuprate high-transition temperature (high-Tc) superconductors is that they are conventional superconductors where the pairing occurs between weakly interacting quasiparticles, which stand in one-to-one correspondence with the electrons in ordinary metals - although the theory has to be pushed to its limit. An alternative view is that the electrons organize into collective textures (e.g. charge and spin stripes) which cannot be mapped onto the electrons in ordinary metals. The phase diagram, a complex function of various parameters (temperature, doping and magnetic field), should then be approached using quantum field theories of objects such as textures and strings, rather than point-like electrons. In an external magnetic field, magnetic flux penetrates type-II superconductors via vortices, each carrying one flux quantum. The vortices form lattices of resistive material embedded in the non-resistive superconductor and can reveal the nature of the ground state - e.g. a conventional metal or an ordered, striped phase - which would have appeared had superconductivity not intervened. Knowledge of this ground state clearly provides the most appropriate starting point for a pairing theory. Here we report that for one high-Tc superconductor, the applied field which imposes the vortex lattice, also induces antiferromagnetic order. Ordinary quasiparticle pictures cannot account for the nearly field-independent antiferromagnetic transition temperature revealed by our measurements