Management of the Frequency Spectrum

While this Article is directed primarily to discussing alternative systems for managing frequency spectrum, the choice of such a system is not the important barrier to improvement in the existing situation. The real barrier to progress is the problem of provoking political action. Frequency spectrum is managed today in much the same manner as the commons were on feudal estates in the Middle Ages; while we may not be able to prescribe the optimal management system, we can improve substantially on that state of affairs

Netzwerkgovernance: Corporate Citizenship und Global Governance

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Low dose docosahexaenoic acid protects normal colonic epithelial cells from araC toxicity

BACKGROUND: The nucleoside analogue arabinosylcytosine (araC) has been used for many years in the treatment of acute leukemia. Evidence in the literature suggests that araC may inhibit the growth of human colon carcinoma cell lines as well. Because araC action interferes with normal nucleoside metabolism, it is highly toxic to a number of normal cell types including bone marrow and intestinal mucosa cells. Here we investigate whether the omega-3 fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) could selectively target araC toxicity toward colonic tumor cells while protecting the normal cells in vitro. RESULTS: Cultures of normal rat colonic epithelial cells (4D/WT) and those transformed by v-src (D/v-src) were supplemented with graded concentrations of DHA or arachidonic acid (AA) alone or in combination with araC. AraC was only 1.6 fold more toxic to D/v-src than 4D/WT in cultures without added fatty acids. Supplementing with as little as 3 μM of either AA or DHA increased araC toxicity by more than 30-fold in the tumorigenic cells. The toxic effect of araC on the normal cells was also increased by the fatty acid supplementation. IC(50 )values were decreased 1.7 fold by DHA in the 4D/WT cells but a more than 7-fold decrease was observed during AA supplementation. As a result, the therapeutic index of araC (IC(50 )normal/IC(50 )tumor) was more than 3-fold higher in the DHA than the AA supplemented cells. The expression of protein kinase C isoform epsilon was decreased in AA alone supplemented D/v-src cultures but in combination with araC decreased only in DHA supplemented 4D/WT cells. CONCLUSION: Low dose DHA supplementation may enhance araC chemotherapy in colon cancer while protecting normal tissues, possibly through control of PKC signalling pathways

Employee perceptions of HRM and well-being in nonprofit organizations : unpacking the unintended

Adopting a process-based HRM lens, this study addresses how nonprofit workers perceive their HR practices and the ways in which these perceptions of HRM impact their wellbeing. Drawing on a multiple case study of eight social services NPOs in the UK, the impact of the employment relationship on the psychological, social and physical dimensions of wellbeing is examined in this climate of austerity. The findings highlight the increasing precariousness of this employment relationship alongside relatively weak HR systems characterized by low consistency and consensus, leading to variation in the interpretation and application of HR practices at the level of line managers and the front-line. Moreover, the analysis shows how these divergent perceptions amongst HR system features manifest themselves in unintended consequences. By examining employee perceptions of HR practices, this study contributes to ongoing debates on why nonprofit employees view HRM in unintended ways and why HR practices may fail to bring about their intended effects.PostprintPeer reviewe

Netzwerkgovernance: Corporate Citizenship und Global Governance

Aus der Perspektive einer gesellschaftsorientierten Managementlehre geht die Studie der Frage nach, wie globale Politiknetzwerke durch entsprechende institutionelle Maßnahmen gestaltet werden können, um (1) ein effektives Instrument von Corporate Citizenship-Strategien zu sein und (2) nicht der demokratischen Legitimität zu entbehren. Damit lautet die Leitfrage der Arbeit: Wie lässt sich Netzwerkgovernance durch globale Politiknetzwerke vor dem Hintergrund des Weltgipfels für Nachhaltige Entwicklung effektiver und legitimer gestalten? Der Leitfrage wird in drei Schritten nachgegangen: theoretische Verknüpfung und Hypothesenbildung, Hypothesentest und schließlich konzeptionelle Vorschläge. Die Bildung von Netzwerken wird systematisch in der Handlungslogik von Corporate Citizenship-Strategien verortet und es wird nach den strukturellen Bedingungen des internationalen Systems für die Beteiligung von Unternehmen an globalen Politiknetzwerken gefragt. Anschließend wird der Blick auf das Phänomen Netzwerk fokussiert. Es wird nach einem theoretischen Fundament gesucht, der strukturationstheoretische Netzwerkansatz als solches gewählt und dieser mit der Sozialkapitaltheorie verknüpft. Damit wird ein grundlegendes Netzwerkverständnis eingeführt, auf dem der konzeptionelle Part zur effektiveren und legitimeren Gestaltung von globalen Politiknetzwerken aufbaut. Abschließend wird ein Chancen- und Risikoprofil globaler Politiknetzwerke hinsichtlich ihrer Effektivität und Legitimität auf der Grundlage theoretischer Überlegungen ermittelt.Das so gewonnene Hypothesenset wird am Beispiel des Weltgipfels für Nachhaltige Entwicklung - als dem Prisma unternehmerischer Strukturpolitik - im historischen Kontext geprüft. (ICA2

Why nations lead or lag in energy transitions

Policy-driven change hinges on institutions that support insulation or compensationaRussia’s invasion of Ukraine has disrupted energy markets, producing price spikes reminiscent of the 1970s. Many suggest that the crisis may accelerate transitions away from fossil fuels and reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Yet, governments have responded very differently to the price shock. Though some are prioritizing clean energy, others are doubling down on fossil fuel production. Why do countries respond so differently to the same problem? Access to domestic fossil fuel resources is only part of the story. Countries also vary in the political sources that enable transformational change in energy and climate policy (1, 2). We draw on two historical episodes illustrating variation in energy transitions across countries—the 1970s oil shocks, and policies to address climate change—to offer important lessons on the political opportunities and constraints for policy-makers across different countries to accelerate the transition to clean energy

Legal Personhood and the Firm: Avoiding Anthropomorphism and Equivocation

This article has been published in a revised form in Journal of Institutional Economics, doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1744137415000235. This version is free to view and download for private research and study only. Not for re-distribution, re-sale or use in derivative works. © Millennium Economics Ltd 2015. Published by Cambridge University Press.From the legal point of view, ‘person’ is not co-extensive with ‘human being’. Nor is it synonymous with ‘rational being’ or ‘responsible subject’. Much of the confusion surrounding the issue of the firm's legal personality is due to the tendency to address the matter with only these, all too often conflated, definitions of personhood in mind. On the contrary, when the term ‘person’ is defined in line with its original meaning as ‘mask’ worn in the legal drama, it is easy to see that it is only the capacity to attract legal relations that defines the legal person. This definition, that avoids the undesirable emotional associations and equivocations that often plague the debate, is important for a legally grounded view of the firmPeer reviewe