Conceptual Problems of the Third Codification of the Legislation on Administrative Offenses

The article deals with problems related to the development of the concept of the new Code of the Russian Federation on Administrative Offenses. Retrospective analysis of the development of the legislation on administrative offenses is conducted, a brief description of the legislation of foreign “Western traditional” countries, regulating similar issues, as well as the legislation of former Republics of the USSR - Belarus, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan, which successfully reformed the national legislation on administrative offenses. The Author grades the draft of the Code of Administrative Responsibility and the Code of Administrative Offences submitted to the State Duma in 2014-2015, as well as the initiative concept of the new code, according to which plans are made to start drafting a new bill. According to the Author, the proposed concept needs to be finalized, it does not define the basic idea, purpose and subject of legal regulation, place in the system of the current legislation (especially connection with criminal legislation)

Geometric phase and o-mode blue shift in a chiral anisotropic medium inside a Fabry-P\'erot cavity

Anomalous spectral shift of transmission peaks is observed in a Fabry--P\'erot cavity filled with a chiral anisotropic medium. The effective refractive index value resides out of the interval between the ordinary and the extraordinary refractive indices. The spectral shift is explained by contribution of a geometric phase. The problem is solved analytically using the approximate Jones matrix method, numerically using the accurate Berreman method and geometrically using the generalized Mauguin--Poincar\'e rolling cone method. The $o$-mode blue shift is measured for a 4-methoxybenzylidene-4'-$n$-butylaniline twisted--nematic layer inside the Fabry--P\'erot cavity. The twist is electrically induced due to the homeoplanar--twisted configuration transition in an ionic-surfactant-doped liquid crystal layer. Experimental evidence confirms the validity of the theoretical model.Comment: the text is available both in English (Timofeev2015en.tex) and in Russian (download: other formats - source - Timofeev2015ru.tex, Timofeev2015rus.pdf

Customs’ control on genetically modified food products across the border of the Eurasian Economic Union

Purpose: The purpose of the article is to determine the role of customs' control and directions of its improvement in the movement of genetically modified foods across the customs' border of the Eurasian Economic Union. In carrying out the study, the authors rely on the methods of theoretical modeling and interpretation of legal concepts and normative legal acts, which allowed to identify theoretical and applied problems of customs control in the conditions of Eurasian integration. Design/Methodology/Approach: The authors define the concepts of genetically modified foods and their turnover, highlight the problems of customs control over the movement of genetically modified foods across the customs border of the Eurasian Economic Union, and propose ways to improve it. Findings: The authors define the concepts of genetically modified foods and their turnover, highlight the problems of customs control over the movement of genetically modified foods across the customs border of the Eurasian Economic Union, and propose ways to improve it. Practical Implications: The results may be implicated into a legal framework of Russian Federation and improve customs' regulation both in Russia and abroad. Originality/Value: The main contribution of this article is the comprehensive analysis of legal and institutional background of genetically modified foods and their cross-border movement in EAEU countries as well as the measures of improving their customs' control.peer-reviewe

Plasma probe characteristics in low density hydrogen pulsed plasmas

Probe theories are only applicable in the regime where the probe's perturbation of the plasma can be neglected. However, it is not always possible to know, a priori, that a particular probe theory can be successfully applied, especially in low density plasmas. This is especially difficult in the case of transient, low density plasmas. Here, we applied probe diagnostics in combination with a 2D particle-in-cell model, to an experiment with a pulsed low density hydrogen plasma. The calculations took into account the full chamber geometry, including the plasma probe as an electrode in the chamber. It was found that the simulations reproduce the time evolution of the probe IV characteristics with good accuracy. The disagreement between the simulated and probe measured plasma density is attributed to the limited applicability of probe theory to measurements of low density pulsed plasmas. Indeed, in the case studied here, probe measurements would lead to a large overestimate of the plasma density. In contrast, the simulations of the plasma evolution and the probe characteristics do not suffer from such strict applicability limits. These studies show that probe theory cannot be justified through probe measurements

Pharmacoeconomic comparison of the second generation insulin analogs and insulins on their base

Effective control of Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is an actual task from clinical and economic points of view. The second generation insulin analogs increase level of DM compensation without hypoglycemia. The economic aspects of their usage have been evaluated early, but it is still actual due to changes in prices and new data about clinical efficacy were published.Materials and methods: Clinical-economic comparison of insulin glargine 300 U/ml (iGla 300), insulin degludec (iDeg) and insulin degludec/ insulin aspart (iDegAsp) in the Russian conditions has been performed in naïve patients’ group as well as in the group of patients with previous insulintherapy. Number of patients with HbA1c <7 % was chosen as efficacy criterion. Direct and indirect costs (medications, treatment of CV-complications, GDP loses etc.) were indicated and calculated based on the constructed model.Results: iGla 300 can give an economy till 20 % for medication cost and till 10 % for direct medical expenditures in compare with iDeg in DM Type 1. For both patients’ groups iGla 300 can save 10-23 % of sources in compare with iGed and iDegAsp in DM Type 2. In DM2T iGla 300 had more efficacy and less cost in compare with iDeg in elderly patients with renal insufficiency.Conclusion: An effective control of DM with modern insulins is profitable from government position of payment due to decreasing expenditures for complications treatment