Global maps of soil temperature.

Research in global change ecology relies heavily on global climatic grids derived from estimates of air temperature in open areas at around 2 m above the ground. These climatic grids do not reflect conditions below vegetation canopies and near the ground surface, where critical ecosystem functions occur and most terrestrial species reside. Here, we provide global maps of soil temperature and bioclimatic variables at a 1-km <sup>2</sup> resolution for 0-5 and 5-15 cm soil depth. These maps were created by calculating the difference (i.e. offset) between in situ soil temperature measurements, based on time series from over 1200 1-km <sup>2</sup> pixels (summarized from 8519 unique temperature sensors) across all the world's major terrestrial biomes, and coarse-grained air temperature estimates from ERA5-Land (an atmospheric reanalysis by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts). We show that mean annual soil temperature differs markedly from the corresponding gridded air temperature, by up to 10°C (mean = 3.0 ± 2.1°C), with substantial variation across biomes and seasons. Over the year, soils in cold and/or dry biomes are substantially warmer (+3.6 ± 2.3°C) than gridded air temperature, whereas soils in warm and humid environments are on average slightly cooler (-0.7 ± 2.3°C). The observed substantial and biome-specific offsets emphasize that the projected impacts of climate and climate change on near-surface biodiversity and ecosystem functioning are inaccurately assessed when air rather than soil temperature is used, especially in cold environments. The global soil-related bioclimatic variables provided here are an important step forward for any application in ecology and related disciplines. Nevertheless, we highlight the need to fill remaining geographic gaps by collecting more in situ measurements of microclimate conditions to further enhance the spatiotemporal resolution of global soil temperature products for ecological applications

Preliminary results of the joint Russian-Norwegian airborne research of the Barents Sea in September-October 2002

The conclusions given below are preliminary and will be refined after detailed processing of materials and data gained. 1. Large aggregations of harp seals were observed mostly in the near ice-edge zone, which was north of the distribution of capelin. 2. Aggregations of other marine mammals were recorded in the areas to the south and southeast of the Spitsbergen Archipelago, where data from vessel surveys showed a high biomass of capelin. 3. Data from this survey indicate that there is a relationship between distribution of capelin, and marine mammals and seabirds. Hence, materials and data on distribution of marine mammals and birds acquired during the aerial surveys are consistent with data from vessel-based surveys for capelin and other pelagic fish, and in some cases refine or supplement them. Cooperation and expeditious exchange of data between airborne and vessel surveys are of particular importance when doing aerial research, as it is not always possible to identify a food item in the areas of aggregations of marine mammals and seabirds. Airborne survey allows detecting rather precisely and quickly the potential prey concentrations, primarily capelin that is close to the sea surface, as well as observing marine mammals

The first Russian consensus on quantitative assessment of treatment outcome

The first Russian Consensus on the quantitative evaluation of treatment results was approved by the XIII National Congress of therapists (Moscow, November 21-23, 2018). © 2019, Stavropol State Medical University. All rights reserved

ПЕРВЫЙ РОССИЙСКИЙ КОНСЕНСУС ПО КОЛИЧЕСТВЕННОЙ ОЦЕНКЕ РЕЗУЛЬТАТОВ МЕДИЦИНСКИХ ВМЕШАТЕЛЬСТВ

The first Russian Consensus on the quantitative evaluation of treatment results was approved by the XIII National Congress of therapists (Moscow, November 21-23, 2018).Первый Российский консенсус по количественной оценке результатов медицинских вмешательств одобрен XIII Национальным конгрессом терапевтов (г. Москва, 21-23 ноября 2018 года)

Management of adherence-based treatment. Consensus document – Clinical guidelines. English version [упРАВЛЕНИЕ ЛЕЧЕНИЕМ НА ОСНОВЕ пРИВЕРЖЕННОСТИ. КОНСЕНСуСНЫй ДОКуМЕНТ – КЛИНИЧЕСКИЕ РЕКОМЕНДАЦИИ. АНГЛОЯзЫЧНАЯ ВЕРСИЯ]

Consensus Document «Management of adherence-based treatment» developed based on clinical guidelines of Russian Scientific Medical Society of Internal Medicine approved by the XIV National Congress of physicians (Moscow, 20 November 2019). The document is intended primarily to assess adherence to drug therapy, adherence to lifestyle modification, and adherence to medical support for patients who need long-term or permanent treatment. The document’s authors considered the treatment adherence unanimously as the compliance of the patient’s behavior with the recommendations received from the Doctor regarding medication, dieting, and other measures of lifestyle modifications. Insufficient adherence to treatment is a global problem. Assessing adherence as a basis for making medical decisions is an essential element of improving the quality of the healthcare system. Predictions of treatment outcomes cannot be considered effective if individualized levels of adherence are not used to justify project planning and evaluation. In medical practice, quantitative assessment of adherence is preferred, suitable for patients with various diseases, and with the possibility of automated data entry and processing. Therefore, sections on medical interventions based on the assessment of treatment adherence should be reflected in national clinical guidelines. These Joint Recommendations are based on these provisions. © Group of authors, 202

Treatment management based on adherence: Patient recommendation algorithms. Cross-disciplinary guidelines [УПРАВЛЕНИЕ ЛЕЧЕНИЕМ НА ОСНОВЕ ПРИВЕРЖЕННОСТИ: АЛГОРИТМЫ РЕКОМЕНДАЦИЙ ДЛЯ ПАЦИЕНТОВ. МЕЖДИСЦИПЛИНАРНЫЕ РЕКОМЕНДАЦИИ]

The algorithms (sample templates) of recommendations for patients, which are an integral part of adherence-based treatment management technologies, were developed by an interdisciplinary Working Group coordinated by the Treatment Adherence Section of the Russian Scientific Medical Society of Physicians. The Working Group includes opinion leaders and experts in the therapeutic, gastroenterology, cardiology, preventive medicine, gerontology, oncology, hematology, immunology, phthisiopulmonology, infectious diseases, oncohematology, neurology, intensive care, rehabilitation and other specialties, both involved by the section of RSMSIM, and recommended by the Gastroenterological Scientific Society of Russia, National Association of experts in Thrombosis, Clinical Hemostasiology and Hemorheology, Gerontological Society of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Russian Oncohematologists Society, Russian Society of Phthisiatrists, Society of Evidence-based Neurology. The algorithms are based on the materials of «The First Russian Consensus on Quantitative Assessment of adherence to treatment», approved by the XII National Congress of Internal Medicine (2017) and Clinical Guidelines «Treatment Management on the Basis of adherence», approved by the XIV National Congress of Internal Medicine (2019), taking into account the Consenting Document - Interdisciplinary Guidelines of RSMSIM, GSSR, NATH, SEN, GSRAS, ROHS, RSP «Treatment Management on the Basis of Adherence» (2020). The algorithms of treatment strategies are recommended by the Working Group to be used as a basis for inclusion into relevant sections of clinical guidelines and clinical handbooks developed by professional medical communities, as well as for use by practitioners in medical practice. © 2020 Stavropol State Medical University. All rights reserved

Global maps of soil temperature

Research in global change ecology relies heavily on global climatic grids derived from estimates of air temperature in open areas at around 2 m above the ground. These climatic grids do not reflect conditions below vegetation canopies and near the ground surface, where critical ecosystem functions occur and most terrestrial species reside. Here, we provide global maps of soil temperature and bioclimatic variables at a 1-km2 resolution for 0–5 and 5–15 cm soil depth. These maps were created by calculating the difference (i.e. offset) between in situ soil temperature measurements, based on time series from over 1200 1-km2 pixels (summarized from 8519 unique temperature sensors) across all the world's major terrestrial biomes, and coarse-grained air temperature estimates from ERA5-Land (an atmospheric reanalysis by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts). We show that mean annual soil temperature differs markedly from the corresponding gridded air temperature, by up to 10°C (mean = 3.0 ± 2.1°C), with substantial variation across biomes and seasons. Over the year, soils in cold and/or dry biomes are substantially warmer (+3.6 ± 2.3°C) than gridded air temperature, whereas soils in warm and humid environments are on average slightly cooler (−0.7 ± 2.3°C). The observed substantial and biome-specific offsets emphasize that the projected impacts of climate and climate change on near-surface biodiversity and ecosystem functioning are inaccurately assessed when air rather than soil temperature is used, especially in cold environments. The global soil-related bioclimatic variables provided here are an important step forward for any application in ecology and related disciplines. Nevertheless, we highlight the need to fill remaining geographic gaps by collecting more in situ measurements of microclimate conditions to further enhance the spatiotemporal resolution of global soil temperature products for ecological application